at most twice in a bar to punctuate the phrases and add brilliancy to the military music. The Turkish crescent or “jingling Johnny,” as it was familiarly called in the British army bands, was introduced by the Janissaries into western Europe. It has fallen into disuse now, having been replaced by the glockenspiel or steel harmonica. Edinburgh University possesses two specimens.[1] In the 18th century at Bartholomew Fair one of the chief bands hired was one well known as playing in London on winter evenings in front of the Spring-Garden coffee house and opposite Wigley’s. This band consisted of a double drum, a Dutch organ (see Barrel-organ), a tambourine, a violin, pipes and the Turkish jingle.[2] (K. S.)
CHINGFORD, an urban district in the Epping parliamentary
division of Essex, England, 1012 m. N. of London (Liverpool
Street station) by the Great Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 4373.
It lies between the river Lea and the western outskirts of Epping
Forest. The church of All Saints has Early English and Perpendicular
remains. Queen Elizabeth’s or Fair Mead hunting
lodge, a picturesque half-timbered building, is preserved under
the Epping Forest Preservation Act. A majestic oak, one of
the finest trees in the Forest, stands near it. Buckhurst Hill
(an urban district; pop. 4786) lies to the N.E.
CHINGLEPUT, or Chengalpat, a town and district of British
India, in the Madras presidency. The town, situated 36 m. by
rail from Madras, had a population in 1901 of 10,551. With
Chandragiri in North Arcot, Chingleput was once the capital of
the Vijayanagar kings, after their overthrow by the Mussulmans
at Talikota in 1565. In 1639 a chief, subject to these kings,
granted to the East India Company the land on which Fort St
George now stands. The fort built by the Vijayanagar kings in
the 16th century was of strategic importance, owing to its
swampy surroundings and the lake that flanked its side. It was
taken by the French in 1751, and was retaken in 1752 by Clive,
after which it proved invaluable to the British, especially when
Lally in his advance on Madras left it unreduced in his rear.
During the wars of the British with Hyder Ali it withstood his
power, and afforded a refuge to the natives; and in 1780, after
the defeat of Colonel W. Baillie, the army of Sir Hector Munro
here found refuge. The town is noted for its manufacture of
pottery, and carries on a trade in rice.
The District of Chingleput surrounds the city of Madras, stretching along the coast for about 115 m. The administrative headquarters are at Saidapet. Area, 3079 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 1,312,122, showing an increase of 9% in the decade. Salt is extensively manufactured all along the coast. Cotton and silk weaving is also largely carried on, and there are numerous indigo vats, tanneries and an English cigar factory.
CHIN HILLS, a mountainous district of Upper Burma. It lies
on the border between the Lushai districts of Eastern Bengal and
Assam and the plains of Burma, and has an area of 8000 sq. m.
It is bounded N. by Assam and Manipur, S. by Arakan, E. by
Burma, and W. by Tippera and the Chittagong hill tracts. The
Chins, Lushais and Kukis are to the north-east border of India
what the Pathan tribes are to the north-west frontier. In 1895
the Chin Hills were declared a part of the province of Burma,
and constituted a scheduled district which is now administered
by a political officer with headquarters at Falam. The tract
forms a parallelogram 250 m. from N. to S. by 100 to 150 m. wide.
The country consists of a much broken and contorted mass of
mountains, intersected by deep valleys. The main ranges run
generally N. to S., and vary in height from 5000 to 9000 ft.,
among the most important being the Letha or Tang, which is
the watershed between the Chindwin and Manipur rivers; the
Imbukklang, which divides the Sokte tribe from the Whenchs
and sheds the water from its eastern slopes into Upper Burma
and that from its western slopes into Arakan; and the Rong-klang,
which with its prolongations is the main watershed of the
southern hills, its eastern slopes draining into the Myittha and
thus into the Chindwin, while the western fall drains into the
Boinu river, which winding through the hills discharges itself
eventually in the Bay of Bengal. The highest peak yet discovered
is the Liklang, between Rawywa and Lungno, some 70 m.
S. of Haka (nearly 10,000 ft.).
It is supposed that the Kukis of Manipur, the Lushais of Bengal and Assam, and the Chins originally lived in Tibet and are of the same stock; their form of government, method of cultivation, manners and customs, beliefs and traditions all point to one origin. The slow speech, the serious manner, the respect for birth and the knowledge of pedigrees, the duty of revenge, the taste for and the treacherous method of warfare, the curse of drink, the virtue of hospitality, the clannish feeling, the vice of avarice, the filthy state of the body, mutual distrust, impatience under control, the want of power of combination and of continued effort, arrogance in victory, speedy discouragement and panic in defeat, are common traits. The Chins, Lushais and Kukis were noted for the secrecy of their plans, the suddenness of their raids, and their extraordinary speed in retreating to their fastnesses. After committing a raid they have been known to march two days and two nights consecutively without cooking a meal or sleeping, so as to escape from any parties which might follow them. The British, since the occupation of Upper Burma, have been able to penetrate the Chin-Lushai country from both sides at once. The pacification of the Chin Hills is a triumph for British administration. Roads, on which Chin coolies now readily work, have been constructed in all directions. The rivers have been bridged; the people have taken up the cultivation of English vegetables, and the indigenous districts have been largely developed. The Chin Hills had a population (1901 census) of 87,189, while the Chins in Burma totalled 179,292. The Pakôkku Chin Hills, which form a separate tract, have an area of 2260 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 13,116. (J. G. Sc.)
CHINKIANG, or Chen-Kiang-fu, a treaty port of China, in
the province of Kiang-su, on the Yangtsze-kiang above Shanghai,
from which it is distant 160 m. It is in railway communication
both with Shanghai and Nanking (40 m. distant), and being at
the point where the Grand Canal running N. and S. intersects
the Yangtsze, which runs E. and W., is peculiarly well situated
to be a commercial entrepôt. The total value of exports and
imports for 1904 was £4,632,992; estimated pop. 168,000. In the
war of 1842 it yielded to the British only after a desperate
resistance. It was laid waste by the Tʽaipʽing rebels in 1853,
and was recaptured by the imperial forces in 1858.
CHINO-JAPANESE WAR (1894–95). The causes of this
conflict arose out of the immemorial rivalry of China and Japan
for influence in Korea. In the 16th century a prolonged war in
the peninsula had ended with the failure of Japan to make good
her footing on the mainland—a failure brought about largely by
lack of naval resources. In more modern times (1875, 1882, 1884)
Japan had repeatedly sent expeditions to Korea, and had fostered
the growth of a progressive party in Seoul. The difficulties of
1884 were settled between China and Japan by the convention of
Tientsin, wherein it was agreed that in the event of future
intervention each should inform the other if it were decided to
despatch troops to the peninsula. Nine years later the occasion
arose. A serious rebellion induced the Korean government to
apply for military assistance from China. Early in June 1894
a small force of Chinese troops were sent to Asan, and Japan,
duly informed of this action, replied by furnishing her minister
at Seoul with an escort, rapidly following up this step by the
despatch of about 5000 troops under Major-General Oshima.
A complicated situation thus arose. Chinese troops were present
in Korea by the request of the government to put down rebellion.
The Japanese controlled the capital, and declined to recognize
Korea as a tributary of China. But she proposed that the
two powers should unite to suppress the disturbance and to
inaugurate certain specified reforms. China considered that the
measures of reform must be left to Korea herself. The reply was
that Japan considered the government of Korea “lacking in
some of the elements which are essential to responsible independence.”
By the middle of July war had become inevitable
unless the Peking government were willing to abandon all claims
over Korea, and as Chinese troops were already in the country by
invitation, it was not to be expected that the shadowy suzerainty
would be abandoned.
At Seoul the issue was forced by the Japanese minister, who delivered an ultimatum to the Korean government on the 20th of July. On the 23rd the palace was forcibly occupied. Meanwhile China had despatched about 8000 troops to the Yalu river.
