only. The current identification with Castellaccio, 2 m. to the south-east, is untenable.
See T. Ashby in Papers of the British School at Rome, i. 138 seq.,iii. 201. (T. As.)
COLLATION (Lat. collatio, from conferre, to bring together
or compare), the bringing together of things for the special
purpose of comparison, and thus, particularly, the critical
examination of the texts of documents or MSS. and the result
of such comparison. The word is also a term in printing and
bookbinding for the register of the “signatures,” the number
of quires and leaves in each quire of a book or MS. In Roman
and Scots law “collation” answers to the English law term
“hotch-pot” (q.v.). From another meaning of the Latin word,
a consultation or conference, and so a treatise or homily, comes
the title of a work of Johannes Cassianus (q.v.), the Conferences of the Fathers
(Collationes Patrum). Readings from this and
similar works were customary in monasteries; by the regula
of St Benedict it is ordered that on rising from supper there
should be read collationes, passages from the lives of the Fathers
and other edifying works; the word is then applied to the
discussions arising from such readings. On fast days it was
usual in monasteries to have a very light meal after the Collatio,
and hence the meal itself came to be called “collation,” a meaning
which survives in the modern use of the word for any light
or quickly prepared repast.
COLLÉ, CHARLES (1709–1783), French dramatist and song-writer,
the son of a notary, was born at Paris in 1709. He
was early interested in the rhymes of Jean Heguanier, then the
most famous maker of couplets in Paris. From a notary’s office
Collé was transferred to that of M. de Neulan, the receiver-general
of finance, and remained there for nearly twenty years.
When about seventeen, however, he made the acquaintance of
Alexis Piron, and afterwards, through Gallet (d. 1757), of
Panard. The example of these three masters of the vaudeville,
while determining his vocation, made him diffident; and for
some time he composed nothing but amphigouris—verses whose
merit was measured by their unintelligibility. The friendship
of the younger Crébillon, however, diverted him from this
by-way of art, and the establishment in 1729 of the famous
“Caveau” gave him a field for the display of his fine talent
for popular song. In 1739 the Society of the Caveau, which
numbered among its members Helvétius, Charles Duclos,
Pierre Joseph Bernard, called Gentil-Bernard, Jean Philippe
Rameau, Alexis Piron, and the two Crébillons, was dissolved,
and was not reconstituted till twenty years afterwards. His
first and his best comedy, La Vérité dans le vin, appeared in 1747.
Meanwhile, the Regent Orleans, who was an excellent comic
actor, particularly in representations of low life, and had been
looking out for an author to write suitable parts for him, made
Collé his reader. It was for the duke and his associates that
Collé composed the greater part of his Théâtre de société. In
1763 Collé produced at the Théâtre Français Dupuis et Desronais,
a successful sentimental comedy, which was followed
in 1771 by La Veuve, which was a complete failure. In 1774
appeared La Partie de chasse de Henri Quatre (partly taken from
Dodsley’s King and the Miller of Mansfield), Collé’s last and best
play. From 1748 to 1772, besides these and a multitude of
songs, Collé was writing his Journal, a curious collection of
literary and personal strictures on his boon companions as well
as on their enemies, on Piron as on Voltaire, on La Harpe as on
Corneille. Collé died on the 3rd of November 1783. His lyrics
are frank and jovial, though often licentious. The subjects
are love and wine; occasionally, however, as in the famous
lyric (1756) on the capture of Port Mahon, for which the author
received a pension of 600 livres, the note of patriotism is struck
with no unskilful hand, while in many others Collé shows himself
possessed of considerable epigrammatic force.
See also H. Bonhomme’s edition (1868) of his Journal et Mémoires (1748–1772); Grimm’s Correspondance; and C. A. Sainte-Beuve, Nouveaux lundis, vol. vii.
COLLECTIVISM, a term used to denote the economic principle of the ownership by a community of all the means of production in order to secure to the people collectively an equitable distribution of the produce of their associated labour. Though often used in a narrow sense to express the economic basis of Socialism, the latter term is so generally employed in the same sense that collectivism is best discussed in connexion with it (see Socialism).
COLLECTOR, a term technically used for various officials,
and particularly in India for the chief administrative official of a
district. The word was in this case originally a translation of
tahsildar, and indicates that the special duty of the office is the
collection of revenue; but the collector has also magisterial
powers and is a species of autocrat within the bounds of his
district. The title is confined to the regulation provinces, especially
Madras; in the non-regulation provinces the same duties are discharged by the deputy-commissioner (see Commissioner).
COLLE DI VAL D’ ELSA, a town and episcopal see of Italy, in the province of Siena, 5 m. by rail S. of Poggibonsi, which is 16 m.
N.W. of Siena. Pop. (1901) town 1987; commune 9879. The
old (upper) town (732 ft. above sea-level), contains the cathedral,
dating from the 13th century, with a pulpit partly of this period;
the façade has been modernized. There are also some old palaces
of good architecture, and the old house where Arnolfo di Cambio,
the first architect of the cathedral at Florence (1232–1301) was
born. The lower town (460 ft.) contains glass-works; the paper
and iron industries (the former as old as 1377) are less important.
COLLEGE in Roman law, a number of persons associated together by the possession of common functions,—a
body of colleagues. Its later meaning applied to any union of
persons, and collegium was the equivalent of ἑταιρεία. In
many respects, e.g. in the distinction between the responsibilities
and rights of the society and those of individual members thereof,
the collegium was what we should now call a corporation (q.v.).
Collegia might exist for purposes of trade like the English gilds,
or for religious purposes (e.g. the college of augurs, of pontifices,
&c.), or for political purposes, e.g. tribunorum plebis collegia.
By the Roman law a collegium must have at least three members.
The name is now usually applied to educational corporations,
such as the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, with which, in the
numerous English statutes relating to colleges, the colleges of
Winchester and Eton are usually associated. These colleges are
in the eye of the law eleemosynary corporations. In some of the
earlier statutes of Queen Elizabeth they are spoken of as having
an ecclesiastical character, but the doctrine of the common law
since the Reformation has been that they are purely lay corporations,
notwithstanding that most or all of their members may be
persons in priest’s orders. This is said to have been settled by
Dr Patrick’s case (Raymond’s Reports, p. 101).
Colleges appear to have grown out of the voluntary association of students and teachers at the university. According to some accounts these must at one time have been numerous and flourishing beyond anything we are now acquainted with. We are told, for example, of 300 halls or societies at Oxford, and 30,000 students. In early times there seems to have been a strong desire to confine the scholars to certain licensed houses beyond the influence of the townspeople. Men of wealth and culture, and notably the political bishops and chancellors of England, obtained charters from the crown for the incorporation of societies of scholars, and these in time became exclusively the places of abode for students attending the university. At the same time the corporations thus founded were not necessarily attached to the locality of the university. The early statutes of Merton College, for example, allow the residence of the college to be shifted as occasion required; and the foundations of Wolsey at Oxford and Ipswich seem to have been the same in intention. In later times (until the introduction of non-collegiate students) the university and the colleges became coextensive; every member of the university had to attach himself to some college or hall, and every person admitted to a college or hall was obliged to matriculate himself in the university.
In Ayliffe’s Ancient and Present State of the University of Oxford it is stated that a college must be “made up of three persons (at least) joined in community. And the reason of this almost seems
