one-fifth from year to year to the eighth year back. The results of the estimates of compensation-value so made are given for the five yields of 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 quarts of milk per head per day respectively in Lawes and Gilbert’s paper[1] on the valuation of the manures obtained by the consumption of foods for the production of milk, which may be consulted for fuller details. It must, however, be borne in mind that when cows are fed in sheds or yards the manure is generally liable to greater losses than is the case with fattening oxen. The manure of the cow contains much more water in proportion to solid matter than that of the ox. Water will, besides, frequently be used for washing, and it may be that a good deal of the manure is washed into drains and lost. In the event, therefore, of a claim for compensation, the management and disposal of the manure requires the attention of the valuer. Indeed, the varying circumstances that will arise in practice must be carefully considered. Bearing these in mind, the estimates may be accepted as at any rate the best approximation to the truth that existing knowledge provides; and they should be found sufficient for the requirements of practical use. Obviously they will be more directly applicable in the case of cows feeding entirely on the foods enumerated in the list, and not depending largely on grass; but, even when the animals are partially grass-fed, the value of the manure derived from the additional dry food or roots may be estimated according to the scale given.
Valuation on the assumption of an average production by a herd of 10 quarts of milk per head per day.
| Nos. | Description of Food. |
Nitrogen. | Phosphoric Acid. | Potash. | Total or Original Manure- Value per Ton of Food consumed. |
||||||||||||||||
| In 1 Ton of Food. |
In Milk from 1 Ton of Food. |
In Manure. | In 1 Ton of Food. |
In Milk from 1 Ton of Food. |
In Manure. | In 1 Ton of Food. |
In Milk from 1 Ton of Food. |
In Manure. | |||||||||||||
| Total remain- ing for Manure. |
Nitrogen equal Am- monia. |
Value of Ammonia at 4 d. per ℔. |
Total remain- ing for Manure. |
Value at 2 d. per ℔. |
Total remain- ing for Manure. |
Value at 112 d. per ℔. | |||||||||||||||
| ℔ | ℔ | ℔ | ℔ | £ | s. | d. | ℔ | ℔ | ℔ | s. | d. | ℔ | ℔ | ℔ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | ||
| 1 | Linseed | 80.64 | 25.04 | 55.60 | 67.52 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 34.50 | 9.34 | 25.16 | 4 | 2 | 30.69 | 8.02 | 22.67 | 2 | 10 | 1 | 9 | 6 |
| 2 | Linseed cake | 106.40 | 20.86 | 85.54 | 103.87 | 1 | 14 | 7 | 44.80 | 7.79 | 37.01 | 6 | 2 | 31.36 | 6.71 | 24.65 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 3 | Decorticated cotton cake | 147.84 | 19.27 | 128.57 | 156.13 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 69.44 | 7.18 | 62.26 | 10 | 5 | 44.80 | 6.22 | 38.58 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 7 | 4 |
| 4 | Palm-nut cake | 56.00 | 17.86 | 38.14 | 46.31 | 0 | 15 | 5 | 26.88 | 6.68 | 20.20 | 3 | 4 | 11.20 | 5.73 | 5.47 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 19 | 5 |
| 5 | Undecorticated cotton cake | 84.00 | 15.66 | 68.34 | 82.99 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 44.80 | 5.85 | 38.95 | 6 | 6 | 44.80 | 5.07 | 39.73 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 2 |
| 6 | Cocoanut cake | 76.16 | 15.66 | 60.50 | 73.47 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 31.36 | 5.85 | 25.51 | 4 | 3 | 44.80 | 5.07 | 39.73 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 9 |
| 7 | Rape cake | 109.76 | 12.50 | 97.26 | 118.11 | 1 | 19 | 4 | 56.00 | 4.69 | 51.31 | 8 | 7 | 33.60 | 4.09 | 29.51 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 11 | 7 |
| 8 | Peas | 80.64 | 17.86 | 62.78 | 76.24 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 19.04 | 6.68 | 12.36 | 2 | 1 | 21.50 | 5.73 | 15.77 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 6 |
| 9 | Beans | 89.60 | 17.86 | 71.74 | 87.12 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 24.64 | 6.68 | 17.96 | 3 | 0 | 29.12 | 5.73 | 23.39 | 2 | 11 | 1 | 14 | 11 |
| 10 | Lentils | 94.08 | 17.86 | 76.22 | 92.56 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 16.80 | 6.68 | 10.12 | 1 | 8 | 15.68 | 5.73 | 9.95 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 9 |
| 11 | Tares (seed) | 94.08 | 17.86 | 76.22 | 92.56 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 17.92 | 6.68 | 11.24 | 1 | 10 | 17.92 | 5.73 | 12.19 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 14 | 2 |
| 12 | Maize | 38.08 | 17.38 | 20.70 | 25.14 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 13.44 | 6.50 | 6.94 | 1 | 2 | 8.29 | 5.56 | 2.73 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 11 |
| 13 | Wheat | 40.32 | 17.38 | 22.94 | 27.86 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 19.04 | 6.50 | 12.54 | 2 | 1 | 11.87 | 5.56 | 6.31 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 12 | 1 |
| 14 | Malt | 38.08 | 17.86 | 20.22 | 24.55 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 17.92 | 6.68 | 11.24 | 1 | 10 | 11.20 | 5.73 | 5.47 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 10 | 8 |
| 15 | Barley | 36.96 | 17.38 | 19.58 | 23.78 | 0 | 7 | 11 | 16.80 | 6.50 | 10.30 | 1 | 9 | 12.32 | 5.56 | 6.76 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 6 |
| 16 | Oats | 44.80 | 16.68 | 28.12 | 34.15 | 0 | 11 | 5 | 13.44 | 6.24 | 7.20 | 1 | 2 | 11.20 | 5.40 | 5.80 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 13 | 4 |
| 17 | Rice meal | 42.56 | 16.68 | 25.88 | 31.43 | 0 | 10 | 6 | (13.44) | 6.24 | 7.20 | 1 | 2 | (8.29) | 5.40 | 2.89 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| 18 | Locust beans | 26.88 | 13.90 | 12.98 | 15.76 | 0 | 5 | 3 | .. | 5.19 | .. | .. | .. | 4.42 | .. | .. | .. | ||||
| 19 | Malt coombs | 87.36 | 15.66 | 71.70 | 87.07 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 44.80 | 5.85 | 38.95 | 6 | 6 | 44.80 | 5.07 | 39.73 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 |
| 20 | Fine pollard | 54.88 | 16.68 | 38.20 | 46.39 | 0 | 15 | 6 | 64.96 | 6.24 | 58.72 | 9 | 9 | 32.70 | 5.40 | 27.30 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 8 |
| 21 | Coarse pollard | 56.00 | 15.66 | 40.34 | 48.99 | 0 | 16 | 4 | 78.40 | 5.85 | 72.55 | 12 | 1 | 33.60 | 5.07 | 28.53 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 0 |
| 22 | Bran | 56.00 | 13.90 | 42.10 | 51.12 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 80.64 | 5.19 | 75.45 | 12 | 7 | 32.48 | 4.42 | 28.06 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 13 | 1 |
| 23 | Clover hay | 53.76 | 8.94 | 44.82 | 54.43 | 0 | 18 | 2 | 12.77 | 3.35 | 9.42 | 1 | 7 | 33.60 | 2.94 | 30.66 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| 24 | Meadow hay | 33.60 | 8.36 | 25.24 | 30.65 | 0 | 10 | 3 | 8.96 | 3.10 | 5.86 | 1 | 0 | 35.84 | 2.62 | 33.22 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 5 |
| 25 | Pea straw | 22.40 | 7.83 | 14.57 | 17.69 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 7.84 | 2.91 | 4.93 | 0 | 10 | 22.40 | 2.46 | 19.94 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 9 | 3 |
| 26 | Oat straw | 11.20 | 6.95 | 4.25 | 5.16 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 5.38 | 2.60 | 2.78 | 0 | 6 | 22.40 | 2.29 | 20.11 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 9 |
| 27 | Wheat straw | 10.08 | 5.98 | 4.10 | 4.98 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 5.38 | 2.23 | 3.15 | 0 | 6 | 17.92 | 1.96 | 15.96 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 |
| 28 | Barley straw | 8.96 | 5.46 | 3.50 | 4.25 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4.03 | 2.04 | 1.99 | 0 | 4 | 22.40 | 1.80 | 20.60 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 29 | Bean straw | 20.16 | 5.68 | 14.48 | 17.58 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 6.72 | 2.14 | 4.58 | 0 | 9 | 22.40 | 1.80 | 20.60 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 9 | 2 |
| 30 | Potatoes | 5.60 | 2.07 | 3.53 | 4.29 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3.36 | 0.78 | 2.58 | 0 | 5 | 12.32 | 0.66 | 11.66 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 31 | Carrots | 4.48 | 1.46 | 3.02 | 3.67 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2.02 | 0.54 | 1.48 | 0 | 3 | 6.27 | 0.49 | 5.78 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 32 | Parsnips | 4.93 | 1.67 | 3.26 | 3.96 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4.26 | 0.63 | 3.63 | 0 | 7 | 8.06 | 0.49 | 7.57 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 10 |
| 33 | Mangel wurzels | 4.93 | 1.32 | 3.61 | 4.38 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1.57 | 0.49 | 1.08 | 0 | 2 | 8.96 | 0.49 | 8.47 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 9 |
| 34 | Swedish turnips | 5.60 | 1.14 | 4.46 | 5.42 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 1.34 | 0.44 | 0.90 | 0 | 2 | 4.93 | 0.33 | 4.60 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 7 |
| 35 | Yellow turnips | 4.48 | 0.93 | 3.55 | 4.31 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 1.34 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0 | 2 | 4.93 | 0.33 | (4.60) | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 36 | White turnips | 4.03 | 0.84 | 3.19 | 3.87 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1.12 | 0.31 | 0.81 | 0 | 2 | 6.72 | 0.33 | 6.39 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
Cheese and Cheese-Making
For generations, perhaps for centuries, the question has been discussed as to why there should be so large a proportion of bad and inferior cheese and so small a proportion of really good cheese made in farmhouses throughout the land. That the result is not wholly due to skill and care or to the absence of these qualities on the part of the dairymaid may now be taken for granted. Instances might be quoted in which the most painstaking of dairymaids, in the cleanest of dairies, have failed to produce cheese of even second-rate quality and character, and yet others in which excellent cheese has been made under commonplace
- ↑ Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc., 1898.
