8vo. Roots.—Wilkins, London, 1815, 4to: Rosen, Berolini, 1827, 8vo: Westergaard, Bonnae, 1840–1841, 8vo: Vishnu Parasurama Sastri Pandita (Sans. and Marathi), Bombay, 1865, 8vo: Taranatha Tarkavachaspati, Dhatupadarsa, Calcutta, 1869, 8vo: Leupol, Paris, 1870, 8vo. Synonyms.—Abhidhanacintamani, by Hemachadra, ed. Colebrooke, Calcutta, 1807, 8vo; translated by Böhtlingk and Rieu (German), St Petersburg, 1847, 8vo. Homonyms.—Medinikara, Medinikosha, Benares, 1865, 4to; Calcutta, 1869, 8vo; ib. 1872, 8vo. Derivatives.—Hirochand and Rooji Rangit, Dhatumanjari, Bombay, 1865, 8vo. Technical Terms of the Nyâya Philosophy.—Nyâyakosa, by Bhimachârya Jhalakîkar (Sanskrit), Bombay, 1875, 8vo, 183 pages. Rig Veda.—Grassmann, Leipzig, 1873–1875, 8vo.
Bengali.—Manoel, Lisboa, 1743, 8vo: Forster, Calcutta, 1799–1802, 4to, 2 vols. 893 pages: Carey, Serampore, 1815–1825, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Marshman, ib. 1827–1828, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1864–1867, 8vo; abridged by Marshman, ib. 1865, 8vo; ib. 1871, 8vo, 2 vols. 936 pages: Morton, Calcutta, 1828, 8vo: Houghton, London, 1833, 4to: Adea, Shabdabudhi, Calcutta, 1854, 604 pages. English.—Ram Comul Sen, ib. 1834, 4to, 2 vols.; London, 1835, 4to: D’Rozario, Calcutta, 1837, 8vo: Adea, Abhidan, Calcutta, 1854, 761 pages. English Lat.—Ramkissen Sen, ib. 1821, 4to. Eng.-Beng. and Manipuri.—[Gordon], Calcutta, 1837, 8vo.
Canarese.—Reeve, Madras, 1824–1832, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Sanderson, Bangalore, 1858, 8vo, 1040 pages; abridged by the same, 1858, 8vo, 276 pages: Dictionarium Canarense, Bengalori, 1855, 8vo: School Dictionary, Mangalore, 1876, 8vo, 575 pages.
Dardic Languages.—Leitner (Astori, Ghilghiti, Chilasi, and dialects of Shina, viz. Arnyia, Khajuna and Kalasha), Lahore, 1868, 4to.
Guzarati.—(English) Mirza Mohammed Cauzim, Bombay, 1846, 4to; Shapurji Edalji, ib. 1868, 8vo, 896 pages: Karsandas Mulji, ib. 1868, 8vo, 643 pages.
Hindi.—Rousseau, London, 1812, 4to: Adam, Calcutta, 1829, 8vo: Thompson, ib. 1846, 8vo: J. D. Bate, London, 1876, 8vo, 809 pages. English.—Adam, Calcutta, 1833, 8vo. English, Urdu and Hindi.—Mathuraprasada Mirsa, Benares, 1865, 8vo, 1345 pages.
Hindustani.—Ferguson, London, 1773, 4to: Gilchrist, Calcutta, 1800, 8vo; ed. Hunter, Edinb. 1810; Lond. 1825: Taylor, Calcutta, 1808, 4to, 2 vols.: Gladwin (Persian and Hind.), Calcutta, 1809, 8vo, 2 vols.: Shakespeare, London, 1817, 4to; 1820; 1834; 1849: Forbes, London, 1847, 8vo; 1857: Bertrand (French), Paris, 1858, 8vo: Brice, London, 1864, 12mo: Fallon, Banaras, 1876, &c., to be in about 25 parts and 1200 pages. English.—Gilchrist, 1787–1780, 4to, 2 parts: Thompson, Serampore, 1838, 8vo.
Kashmiri.—Elmslie, London, 1872, 12mo.
Khassia.—Roberts, Calcutta, 1875, 12mo.
Malayalim.—Fabricius and Breithaupt, Weperg, 1779, 4to: Bailey, Cottayam, 1846, 8vo: Gundert, Mangalore, 1871, 8vo, 1171 pages.
Marathi.—Carey, Serampore, 1810, 8vo: Kennedy, Bombay, 1824, fol.: Jugunnauth Shastri Kramavant, Bombay, 1829–1831, 4to, 3 vols.: Molesworth, ib. 1831, 4to; 2nd ed. 1847, 4to; ed. Candy, Bombay, 1857, 4to, 957 pages; abridged by Baba Padmanji, ib. 1863, 8vo; 2nd ed. (abridged), London, 1876, 8vo, 644 pages. English.—Molesworth, Bombay, 1847, 4to.
Oriya.—Mohunpersaud Takoor, Serampore, 1811, 8vo: Sutton, Cuttack, 1841–1848, 8vo, 3 vols. 856 pages.
Pali.—Clough, Colombo, 1824, 8vo: Moggallana Thero (a Sinhalese priest of the 12th century), Abhidhanappika (Pali, Eng. Sinhalese), ed. Waskeduwe Subheti, Colombo, 1865, 8vo: Childers, London, 1872–1875, 8vo, 658 pages. Roots.—Silavansa, Dhatumanjusa (Pali Sing. and Eng.), Colombo, 1872, 8vo.
Prakrit.—Delius, Radices, Bonnae ad Rh., 1839, 8vo.
Punjabi.—Starkey, 1850, 8vo; Lodiana Mission, Lodiana, 1854–1860, 444 pages.
Pushtu or Afghan.—Dorn, St Petersb. 1845, 4to: Raverty, London, 1860, 4to; 2nd ed. ib. 1867, 4to: Bellew, 1867, 8vo.
Sindhi.—Eastwick, Bombay, 1843, fol. 73 pages: Stack, ib. 1855, 8vo, 2 vols.
Sinhalese.—Clough, Colombo, 1821–1830, 8vo, 2 vols.: Callaway (Eng., Portuguese and Sinhalese), ib. 1818, 8vo: Id., School Dictionary, ib. 1821, 8vo: Bridgenell (Sinh.-Eng.), ib. 1847, 18mo: Nicholson (Eng.-Sinh.), 1864, 32mo, 646 pages.
Tamil.—Provenza (Portug.), Ambalacotae, 1679, 8vo: Sadur Agurardi, written by Beschi in 1732, Madras, 1827, fol.; Pondicherry, 1875, 8vo: Blin (French), Paris, 1834, 8vo: Rottler, Madras, 1834–1841, 4to, 4 vols.: Jaffna Book Society (Tamil), Jaffna, 1842, 8vo, about 58,500 words: Knight and Spaulding (Eng. Tam.), ib. 1844, 8vo; Dictionary, ib. 1852, 4to: Pope, 2nd ed. ib. 1859, 8vo: Winslow, Madras, 1862, 4to, 992 pages, 67,452 words.
Telugu.—Campbell, Madras, 1821, 4to: C. P. Brown, Madras (Eng.-Tel.), 1852, 8vo, 1429 pages: Id. (Tel.-Eng.), ib. 1852, 8vo, 1319 pages. Mixed Telugu.—Id., ib. 1854, 8vo.
Thuggee.—Sleeman, Calcutta, 1830, 8vo, 680 Ramasi words.
Indo-Chinese Languages.—Leyden, Comparative Vocabulary of Barma, Malaya and Thai, Serampore, 1810, 8vo. Annamese: Rhodes (Portug. and Lat.), Romae, 1651, 4to: Pigneaux and Taberd, Fredericinagori, 1838, 4to; Legrand de la Liraye, Paris, 1874, 8vo: Pauthier (Chin. Ann.-Fr. Lat.), Paris, 1867, &c., 8vo. Assamese: Mrs Cutter, Saipur, 1840, 12 mo; Bronson, London, 1876, 8vo, 617 pages. Burmese: Hough (Eng.-Burm.), Serampore, 1825, Moulmain, 1845, 8vo, 2 vols. 955 pages: Judson, Calcutta, 1826, 8vo; (Eng. Burm.), Moulmain, 1849, 4to; (Burm. Eng.), ib. 1852, 8vo; 2nd ed., Rangoon, 1866, 8vo, 2 vols. 968 pages: Lane, Calcutta, 1841, 4to. Cambodian: Aymonier (Fr.-Camb.), Saigon, 1874, 4to; Id. (Camb.-Fr.), ib. 1875, fol. Karen: Sau-kau Too (Karen), Tavoy, 1847, 12mo, 4 vols.: Mason, Tavoy, 1840, 4to. Sgau-Karen: Wade, ib. 1849, 8vo. Siamese (Thai): Pallegoix (Lat. French, Eng.), Paris, 1854, 4to: Dictionarium Latinum Thai, Bangkok, 1850, 4to, 498 pages.
Malay.—Latin.—Haex, Romae, 1631, 4to; Batavia, 1707. Dutch.—Houtmann (Malay and Malagasy), Amst. 1603, 4to; 1673; 1680; 1687; 1703; Batavia, 1707: Wiltens and Dankaarts, Gravenhage, 1623, 4to; Amst. 1650; 1677; Batavia, 1708, 4to: Heurnius, Amst. 1640, 4to: Gueynier, Batavia, 1677, 4to; 1708: Loder, ib. 1707–1708, 4to: Van der Worm, ib. 1708, 4to: Roorda van Eysinga (Low), ib. 1824–1825, 8vo, 2 vols.; 12th ed. ’s Gravenhage, 1863, 8vo; Id. (Hof, Volks en Lagen Taal), ib. 1855, 8vo: Dissel and Lucardie (High Malay), Leiden, 1860, 12mo: Pijnappel, Amst. 1863, 8vo: Badings, Schoonhoven, 1873, 8vo. English.—Houtmann (Malay and Malagasy), translated by A. Spaulding, London, 1614, 4to: Bowrey, ib. 1701, 4to: Howison, ib. 1801, 4to: Marsden, ib. 1812, 4to: Thomsen, Malacca, 1820, 8vo; 1827: Crawford, London, 1851, 8vo, 2 vols. French.—Boze, Paris, 1825, 16mo: Elout (Dutch-Malay and French-Malay), Harlem, 1826, 4to: Bougourd, Le Havre, 1856, 8vo: Richard, Paris, 1873, 8vo, 2 vols.: Favre, Vienna, 1875, 8vo, 2 vols.
Malay Archipelago.—Batak: Van der Tuuk, Amsterdam, 1861, 8vo, 564 pages. Bugis: Mathes, Gravenh. 1874, 8vo, 1188 pages: Thomsen (Eng.-Bugis and Malay), Singapore, 1833, 8vo. Dyak: Hardeland (German), Amst. 1859, 8vo, 646 pages. Javanese: Senerpont Domis, Samarang, 1827, 4to, 2 vols.: Roorda van Eysinga, Kampen, 1834–1835, 8vo, 2 vols.: Gericke, Amst. 1847, 8vo; ed. Taco Roorda, ib. 1871, &c. parts i.-v., 880 pages: Jansz and Klinkert, Samarang, 1851, 8vo; 1865: Favre (French), Vienne, 1870, 8vo. Macassar: Matthes, Amst. 1859, 8vo, 951 pages. Sunda: De Wilde (Dutch, Malay and Sunda), Amsterdam, 1841, 8vo: Rigg (Eng.), Batavia, 1862, 4to, 573 pages. Formosa: Happart (Favorlang dialect, written about 1650), Parrapattan, 1840, 12mo.
Philippines.—Bicol: Marcos, Sampaloc, 1754, fol. Bisaya: Sanchez, Manila, 1711, fol.: Bergaño, ib. 1735, fol.: Noceda, ib. 1841: Mentrida (also Hiliguena and Haraya) ib. 1637, 4to; 1841, fol. 827 pages: Felis de la Encarnacion, ib. 1851, 4to, 2 vols. 1217 pages. Ibanac: Bugarin, ib. 1854, 4to. Ilocana, Carro, ib. 1849, fol. Pampanga: Bergaño, ib. 1732, fol. Tagala: Santos, Toyabas, 1703, fol.; ib. 1835, 4to, 857 pages: Noceda and San Lucar, Manila, 1754, fol.; 1832.
Chinese.—Native Dictionaries are very numerous. Many are very copious and voluminous, and have passed through many editions. Shwo wan, by Hü Shin, is a collection of the ancient characters, about 10,000 in number, arranged under 540 radicals, published 150 B.C., usually in 12 vols.: Yu pien, by Ku Ye Wang, published A.D. 530, arranged under 542 radicals, is the basis of the Chinese Japanese Dictionaries used in Japan: Ping tseu loui pien, Peking, 1726, 8vo, 130 vols.: Pei wan yün fu (Thesaurus of Literary Phrases), 1711, 131 vols. 8vo, prepared by 66 doctors of the Han lin Academy in seven years. It contains 10,362 characters, and countless combinations of two, three or four characters, forming compound words and idioms, with numerous and copious quotations. According to Williams (On the word Shin, p. 79), an English translation would fill 140 volumes octavo of 1000 pages each. Kanghi tsze tien (Kanghi’s Standard or Canon of the Character), the dictionary of Kanghi, the first emperor of the present dynasty, was composed by 30 members of the Han lin, and published in 1716, 40 vols. 4to, with a preface by the emperor. It contains 49,030 characters, arranged under the 214 radicals. It is generally in 12 vols., and is universally used in China, being the standard authority among native scholars for the readings as well as the meanings of characters. Latin.—De Guignes (French, Lat.), Paris, 1813, fol.; Klaproth, Supplément, 1819; ed. Bazil (Latin), Hong-Kong, 1853, 4to: Gonçalves (Lat.-Chin.), Macao, 1841, fol.: Callery, Systema phoneticum, Macao, 1841, 8vo: Schott, Vocabularium, Berlin, 1844, 4to. English.—Raper, London, 1807, fol. 4 vols.: Morrison, Macao, 1815–1823, 4to, 3 parts in 6 vols.: Medhurst, Batavia, 1842–1843, 8vo, 2 vols.: Thom, Canton, 1843, 8vo: Lobscheid, Hong-Kong, 1871, 4to: Williams, Shanghai, 1874, 4to. Eng. Chinese.—Morrison, part iii.: Williams, Macao, 1844, 8vo: Medhurst, Shanghai, 1847–1848, 8vo, 2 vols.: Hung Maou, Tung yung fan hwa (Common words of the Red-haired Foreigners), 1850, 8vo. Doolittle, Foochow, 1872, 4to, vol. i. 550 pages. French,—Callery, Dict. encyclopédique, Macao and Paris, 1845 (radicals 1-20 only): M. A. H., 1876, 8vo, autographié, 1730 pages. French-Chin.—Perny (Fr.-Latin, Spoken Mandarin), Paris, 1869, 4to; Appendice, 1770; Lemaire and Giguel, Shanghai, 1874, 16mo. Portuguese.—Gonçalves (Port.-Chin.), Macao, 1830, 8vo, 2 vols.: Id. (Chin.-Port.), ib. 1833, 8vo. Idioms.—Giles, Shanghai, 1873, 4to. Phrases.—Yaou Pei-keen, Luy yih, 1742–1765, 8vo, 55 vols.: Tseen Ta-hin, Shing luy, 1853, 8vo, 4 vols. Classical Expressions.—Keang Yang and 30 others, Sze Shoo teen Lin, 1795, 8vo, 30 vols. Elegant Expressions.—Chang ting yuh, Fun luy tsze kin, 1722,
