sections may wholly or in part go back to Hebrew originals. There is a Hebrew Book of Enoch attributed to R. Ishmael ben Elisha who lived at the close of the 1st century and the beginning of the 2nd century B.C. This book is very closely related to the Book of the Secrets of Enoch, or rather, to a large extent dependent upon it. Did Ishmael ben Elisha use the Book of the Secrets of Enoch in its Greek form, or did he find portions of it in Hebrew? At all events, extensive quotations from a Book of Enoch are found in the rabbinical literature of the middle ages, and the provenance of these has not yet been determined. See Jewish Encyc. i. 676 seq.
But there is a stronger argument for a Hebrew original of certain sections to be found in the fact that the Testaments of the XII. Patriarchs appears to quote xxxiv. 2, 3 of our author in T. Napth. iv. 1, T. Benj. ix.
The book in its present form was written in Egypt. This may be inferred (1) from the variety of speculations which it holds in common with Philo and writings of a Hellenistic character that circulated mainly in Egypt. (2) The Phoenixes are Chalkydries (ch. xii.)—monstrous serpents with the heads of crocodiles—are natural products of the Egyptian imagination. (3) The syncretistic character of the creation account (xxv.-xxvi.) betrays Egyptian elements.
Relation to Jewish and Christian Literature.—The existence of a kindred literature in Neo-Hebrew has been already pointed out. We might note besides that it is quoted in the Book of Adam and Eve, the Apocalypse of Moses, the Apocalypse of Paul, the anonymous work De montibus Sina et Sion, the Sibylline Oracles ii. 75, Origen, De princip. i. 3, 2. The authors of the Ascension of Isaiah, the Apoc. of Baruch and the Epistle of Barnabas were probably acquainted with it. In the New Testament the similarity of matter and diction is sufficiently strong to establish a close connexion, if not a literary dependence. Thus with Matt. v. 9, “Blessed are the peacemakers,” cf. lii. 11, “Blessed is he who establishes peace”: with Matt. v. 34, 35, 37, “Swear not at all,” cf. xlix. 1, “I will not swear by a single oath, neither by heaven, nor by earth, nor by any other creature which God made—if there is no truth in man, let them swear by a word yea, yea, or nay, nay.”
Date and Authorship.—The book was probably written between 30 B.C. and A.D. 70. It was written after 30 B.C., for it makes use of Sirach, the (Ethiopic) Book of Enoch and the Book of Wisdom. It was written before A.D. 70; for the temple is still standing: see lix. 2.
The author was an orthodox Hellenistic Jew who lived in Egypt. He believed in the value of sacrifices (xlii. 6; lix. 1, 2, &c), but is careful to enforce enlightened views regarding them (xlv. 3, 4; lxi. 4, 5.) in the law, lii. 8, 9; in a blessed immortality, I. 2; lxv. 6, 8–10, in which the righteous should be clothed in “the raiment of God’s glory,” xxii. 8. In questions relating to cosmology, sin, death, &c, he is an eclectic, and allows himself the most unrestricted freedom, and readily incorporates Platonic (xxx. 16), Egyptian (xxv. 2) and Zend (lviii. 4-6) elements into his system of thought.
Anthropological Views.—All the souls of men were created before the foundation of the world (xxiii. 5) and likewise their future abodes in heaven or hell (xlix. 2, lviii. 5). Man’s name was derived, as we have already seen, from the four quarters of the world, and his body was compounded from seven substances (xxx. 8). He was created originally good: freewill was bestowed upon him with instruction in the two ways of light and darkness, and then he was left to mould his own destiny (xxx. 15). But his preferences through the bias of the flesh took an evil direction, and death followed as the wages of sin (xxx. 16).
Literature.—Morfill and Charles, The Book of the Secrets of Enoch (Oxford, 1896); Bonwetsch, “Das slavische Henochbuch,” in the Abhandlungen der königlichen gelehrten Gesellschaft zu Göttingen (1896). See also Schürer in loc. and the Bible Dictionaries. (R. H. C.)
ENOMOTO, BUYO, Viscount (1839–1909), Japanese vice-admiral,
was born in Tokyo. He was the first officer sent by the
Tokugawa government to study naval science in Europe, and
after going through a course of instruction in Holland he returned
in command of the frigate “Kaiyō Maru,” built at Amsterdam
to order of the Yedo administration. The salient episode of his
career was an attempt to establish a republic at Hakodate.
Finding himself in command of a squadron which represented
practically the whole of Japan’s naval forces, he refused to
acquiesce in the deposition of the Shōgun, his liege lord, and,
steaming off to Yezo (1867), proclaimed a republic and fortified
Hakodate. But he was soon compelled to surrender. The newly
organized government of the empire, however, instead of inflicting
the death penalty on him and his principal followers, as
would have been the inevitable sequel of such a drama in previous
times, punished them with imprisonment only, and four years
after the Hakodate episode, Enomoto received an important
post in Hokkaido, the very scene of his wild attempt. Subsequently
(1874), as his country’s representative in St Petersburg,
he concluded the treaty by which Japan exchanged the southern
half of Saghalien for the Kuriles. He received the title of
viscount in 1885, and afterwards held the portfolios of communications,
education and foreign affairs. He died at Tokyo
in 1909.
ENOS (anc. Aenos), a town of European Turkey, in the vilayet
of Adrianople; on the southern shore of the river Maritza,
where its estuary broadens to meet the Aegean Sea in the Gulf
of Enos. Pop. (1905) about 8000. Enos occupies a ridge of rock
surrounded by broad marshes. It is the seat of a Greek bishop,
and the population is mainly Greek. It long possessed a valuable
export trade, owing to its position at the mouth of the Maritza,
the great natural waterway from Adrianople to the sea. But its
commerce has declined, owing to the unhealthiness of its climate,
to the accumulation of sandbanks in its harbour, which now only
admits small coasters and fishing-vessels, and to the rivalry of
Dédéagatch, a neighbouring seaport connected with Adrianople
by rail.
ENRIQUEZ GOMEZ, ANTONIO (c. 1601–c. 1661), Spanish
dramatist, poet and novelist of Portuguese-Jewish origin, was
known in the early part of his career as Enrique Enriquez de
Paz. Born at Segovia, he entered the army, obtained a captaincy,
was suspected of heresy, fled to France about 1636,
assumed the name of Antonio Enriquez Gomez, and became
majordomo to Louis XIII., to whom he dedicated Luis dado de
Dios á Anna (Paris, 1645). Some twelve years later he removed
to Amsterdam, avowed his conversion to Judaism, and was
burned in effigy at Seville on the 14th of April 1660. He is
supposed to have returned to France, and to have died there
in the following year. Three of his plays, El Gran Cardenal de
España, don Gil de Albornoz, and the two parts of Fernan Mendez
Pinto were received with great applause at Madrid about 1629;
in 1635 he contributed a sonnet to Montalban’s collection of
posthumous panegyrics on Lope de Vega, to whose dramatic
school Enriquez Gomez belonged. The Academias morales de
las Musas, consisting of four plays (including A lo que obliga el
honor, which recalls Calderon’s Médico de su honra), was published
at Bordeaux in 1642; La Torre de Babilonia, containing the
two parts of Fernan Mendez Pinto, appeared at Rouen in 1647;
and in the preface to his poem, El Samson Nazareno (Rouen,
1656), Enriquez Gomez gives the titles of sixteen other plays
issued, as he alleges, at Seville. There is no foundation for the
theory that he wrote the plays ascribed to Fernando de Zárate.
His dramatic works, though effective on the stage, are disfigured
by extravagant incidents and preciosity of diction. The latter
defect is likewise observable in the mingled prose and verse of
La Culpa del primer peregrino (Rouen, 1644) and the dialogues
entitled Politica Angélica (Rouen, 1647). Enriquez Gomez is
best represented by El Siglo Pitagórico y Vida de don Gregorio
Guadaña (Rouen, 1644), a striking picaresque novel in prose and
verse which is still reprinted.
ENSCHEDE, a town in the province of Overysel, Holland,
near the Prussian frontier, and a junction station 5 m. by rail
S.E. of Hengelo. Pop. (1900) 23,141. It is important as the
centre of the flourishing cotton-spinning and weaving industries
of the Twente district; while by the railway via Gronau and
