He studied for the bar, and was called at the Middle Temple in 1838. In 1844 he published the first edition of his Treatise on the Law, Privilege, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament. This work, which has passed through many editions, is not only an invaluable mine of information for the historical student, but it is known as the text-book of the law by which parliament governs its proceedings. In 1846 Erskine May was appointed examiner of petitions for private bills, and the following year taxing-master of the House of Commons. He published his Remarks to Facilitate Public Business in Parliament in 1849; a work On the Consolidation of Election Laws in 1850; and his Rules, Orders and Forms of the House of Commons was printed by command of the House in 1854. In 1856 he was appointed clerk assistant at the table of the House of Commons. He received the companionship of the Bath in 1860 for his parliamentary services, and became a knight commander in 1866. His important work, The Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George III. (1760–1860), was published in 1861–1863, and it received frequent additions in subsequent editions. In 1871 Sir Erskine May was appointed clerk of the House of Commons. His Democracy in Europe: a History appeared in 1877, but it failed to take the same rank in critical esteem as his Constitutional History. He retired from the post of clerk to the House of Commons in April 1886, having for fifteen years discharged the onerous duties of the office with as much knowledge and energy as unfailing tact and courtesy. Shortly after his retirement from office he was raised to the peerage under the title of Baron Farnborough of Farnborough, in the county of Southampton, but he only survived to enjoy the dignity for a few days. He died in London on the 17th of May 1886, and as he left no issue the title became extinct.
FARNBOROUGH, an urban district in the Basingstoke
parliamentary division of Hampshire, England, 33 m. S.W. by W.
from London, on the London & South Western and the South
Eastern & Chatham railways. Pop. (1901) 11,500 (including
5070 military). The church of St Peter ranges from Early English
to Perpendicular in style. St Michael’s Catholic memorial
church, erected in 1887 by the ex-empress Eugénie, contains the
remains of Napoleon III. and the prince imperial. An adjoining
abbey is occupied by Benedictine fathers of the French congregation;
the convent is a ladies’ boarding-school. Aldershot North
Camp is within the parish.
FARNE ISLANDS [also Fearne, Fern, or The Staples], a
group of rocky islands and reefs off the coast of Northumberland,
England, included in that county. In 1901 they had only eleven
inhabitants. They extend in a line of some 6 m. in a north-easterly
direction from the coast, on which the nearest villages
are Bamborough and North Sunderland. The Fairway, 112 m.
across, separates the largest island, Farne, or House, from the
mainland. Farne is 16 acres in area, and has precipitous cliffs
up to 80 ft. in height on the east, but the shore is otherwise low.
The other principal islets are Staple, Brownsman, North and
South Wamses, Longstone and Big Harcar. On Farne is a small
ancient chapel, with a square tower near it built for purposes of
defence in the 15th century. The chapel is believed to occupy
the site of St Cuthbert’s hermitage, whither he retired from the
priory on the neighbouring Holy Island or Lindisfarne. He
was with difficulty persuaded to leave it on his elevation to the
bishopric of Lindisfarne, and returned to it to die (687). Longstone
rock, with its lighthouse, is famous as the scene of the
bravery of Grace Darling in rescuing some of the survivors of
the wreck of the “Forfarshire” (1838). The rocks abound in
sea-birds, including eider duck.
FARNESE, the name of one of the most illustrious and powerful
Italian families, which besides including eminent prelates,
statesmen and warriors among its members, ruled the duchy
of Parma for two centuries. The early history of the family is
involved in obscurity, but they are first heard of as lords of
Farneto or Farnese, a castle near the lake of Bolsena, and they
played an important part as consuls and signori of Orvieto.
They seem to have always been Guelphs, and in the civil
broils of Orvieto they sided with the Monaldeschi faction against
the Ghibelline Filippeschi. One Pietro Farnese commanded
the papal armies under Paschal II. (1099–1118); another
Pietro led the Florentines to victory against the Pisans in 1363.
Ranuccio Farnese served Eugene IV. so well that the pope
endowed him with large fiefs, and is reported to have said, “The
Church is ours because Farnese has given it back to us.”
The family derived further advantages at the time of Pope Alexander VI., who was the lover of the beautiful Giulia Farnese, known as Giulia Bella, and created her brother Alessandro a cardinal (1493). The latter was elected pope as Paul III. in 1534, and it is from that moment that the great importance of the family dates. An unblushing nepotist, he alienated immense fiefs belonging to the Holy See in favour of his natural children. Of these the most famous was Pierluigi Farnese (1503–1547), who served in the papal army in various campaigns, but also took part in the sack of Rome in 1527. On his father’s elevation to the papacy he was made captain-general of the Church, and received the duchy of Castro in the Maremma, besides Frascati, Nepi, Montalto and other fiefs. A shameless rake and a man of uncontrollable temper, his massacre of the people of Perugia after a rebellion in 1540 and the unspeakable outrage he committed on the bishop of Fano are typical of his character. In 1545 his father conferred on him the duchy of Parma and Piacenza, which likewise belonged to the Holy See, and his rule proved cruel and tyrannical. He deprived the nobles of their privileges, and forced them to dwell in the towns, but to some extent he improved the conditions of the lower classes. Pierluigi being an uncompromising opponent of the emperor Charles V., Don Ferrante Gonzaga, the imperial governor of Milan, was ever on the watch for a pretext to deprive him of Piacenza, which the emperor greatly coveted. When the duke proceeded to build a castle in that town in order to overawe its inhabitants, the nobles were furiously indignant, and a plot to murder him was organized by the marquis Anguissola and others with the support both of Gonzaga and of Andrea Doria (q.v.), Charles’s admiral, who wished to be revenged on Pierluigi for the part he had played in the Fiesco conspiracy (see Fiesco). The deed was done while the duke was superintending the building of the above-mentioned citadel, and his corpse was flung into the street (December 10th, 1547). Piacenza was thereupon occupied by the imperialists.
Pierluigi had several children, for all of whom Paul made generous provision. One of them, Alessandro (1520–1589), was created cardinal at the age of fourteen; he was a man of learning and artistic tastes, and lived with great splendour surrounded by scholars and artists, among whom were Annibal Caro, Paolo Giovio, Mons. Della Casa, Bembo, Vasari, &c. It was he who completed the magnificent Farnese palace in Rome. He displayed diplomatic ability on various missions to foreign courts, but failed to get elected to the papacy.
Orazio, Pierluigi’s third son, was made duke of Castro when his father became duke of Parma, and married Diane, a natural daughter of Henry II. of France. Ottavio, the second son (1521–1586), married Margaret, the natural daughter of Charles V. and widow of Alessandro de’ Medici, at the age of fifteen, she being a year older; at first she disliked her youthful bridegroom, but when he returned wounded from the expedition to Algiers in 1541 her aversion was turned to affection (see Margaret of Austria). Ottavio had been made lord of Camerino in 1540, but he gave up that fief when his father became duke of Parma. When, on the murder of the latter in 1547, Piacenza was occupied by the imperialists, Paul determined to make an effort to regain the city; he set aside Ottavio’s claims to the succession of Parma, where he appointed a papal legate, giving him back Camerino in exchange, and then claimed Piacenza of the emperor, not for the Farnesi, but for the Church. But Ottavio would not be put off; he attempted to seize Parma by force, and having failed, entered into negotiations with Gonzaga. This unnatural rebellion on the part of one grandson, combined with the fact that it was supported by the other grandson, Cardinal Alessandro, hastened the pope’s death, which occurred on the 10th of November 1549. During the interregnum that followed Ottavio
