spinning and weaving. The typically industrial region of France is the department of Nord, the seat of the woollen industry, but also prominently concerned in other textile industries, in metal working, and in a variety of other manufactures, fuel for which is supplied by its coal-fields. The following sketch of the manufacturing industry of France takes account chiefly of those of its branches which are capable in some degree of localization. Many of the great industries of the country, e.g. tanning, brick-making, the manufacture of garments, &c., are evenly distributed throughout it, and are to be found in or near all larger centres of population.
| Groups. | Basins. | Departments. | Average Production (Thousands of Metric Tons) 1901–1905. | ||
Nord and Pas-de-Calais
|
Valenciennes | Nord, Pas-de-Calais | 20,965 | ||
| Le Boulonnais | Pas-de-Calais | ||||
| Loire.... | St Étienne and Rive-de-Gier | Loire | 3,601 | ||
| Communay | Isère | ||||
| Ste Foy l’Argentière | Rhône | ||||
| Roannais | Loire | ||||
| Gard.... | Alais | Gard, Ardèche | 1,954 | ||
| Aubenas | Ardèche | ||||
| Le Vigan | Gard | ||||
Bourgogne and Nivernais
|
Decize | Nièvre | 1,881 | ||
| La Chapelle-sous-Dun | Saône-et-Loire | ||||
| Bert | Allier | ||||
| Sincey | Côte-d’Or | ||||
Tarn and Aveyron
|
Aubin | Aveyron | 1,770 | ||
| Carmaux and Albi | Tarn | ||||
| Rodez | Aveyron | ||||
| St Perdoux | Lot | ||||
| Bourbonnais .. | Commentry and Doyet | Allier | 994 | ||
| St Eloi | Puy-de-Dôme | ||||
| L’Aumance | Allier | ||||
| La Queune | Allier | ||||
Coal.—The principal mines of France are coal and iron mines. The production of coal and lignite averaging 33,465,000 metric tons[1] in the years 1901–1905 represents about 73% of the total consumption of the country; the surplus is supplied from Great Britain, Belgium and Germany. The preceding table shows the average output of the chief coal-groups for the years 1901–1905 inclusive. The Flemish coal-basin, employing over 100,000 hands, produces 60% of the coal mined in France.
French lignite comes for the most part from the department of Bouches-du-Rhône (near Fuveau).
The development of French coal and lignite mining in the 19th century, together with records of prices, which rose considerably at the end of the period, is set forth in the table below:
| Years. | Average Yearly Production (Thousands of Metric Tons). |
Average Price per Ton at Pit Mouth (Francs). | |
| 1821–1830 | 1,495 | 10.23 | |
| 1831–1840 | 2,571 | 9.83 | |
| 1841–1850 | 4,078 | .5 | 9.69 |
| 1851–1860 | 6,857 | 11.45 | |
| 1861–1870 | 11,831 | 11.61 | |
| 1871–1880 | 16,774 | 14.34 | |
| 1881–1890 | 21,542 | 11.55 | |
| 1891–1900 | 29,190 | 11.96 | |
| 1901–1905 | 33,465 | 14.18 | |
Iron.—The iron-mines of France are more numerous than its coal-mines, but they do not yield a sufficient quantity of ore for the needs of the metallurgical industries of the country; as will be seen in the table below the production of iron in France gradually increased during the 19th century; on the other hand, a decline in prices operated against a correspondingly marked increase in its annual value.
| Years. | Average Annual Production (Thousands of Metric Tons). |
Price per Metric Ton (Francs). | |
| 1841–1850 | 1247 | 6.76 | |
| 1851–1860 | 2414 | .5 | 5.51 |
| 1861–1870 | 3035 | 4.87 | |
| 1871–1880 | 2514 | 5.39 | |
| 1881–1890 | 2934 | 3.99 | |
| 1891–1900 | 4206 | 3.37 | |
| 1901–1905 | 6072 | 3.72 | |
The department of Meurthe-et-Moselle (basins of Nancy and Longwy-Briey) furnished 84% of the total output during the quinquennial period 1901–1905, may be reckoned as one of the principal iron-producing regions of the world. The other chief producers were Pyrénées-Orientales, Calvados, Haute-Marne (Vassy) and Saône-et-Loire (Mazenay and Change).
Other Ores.—The mining of zinc, the chief deposits of which are at Malines (Gard), Les Bormettes (Var) and Planioles (Lot), and of lead, produced especially at Chaliac (Ardèche), ranks next in importance to that of iron. Iron-pyrites come almost entirely from Sain-Bel (Rhône), manganese chiefly from Ariège and Saône-et-Loire, antimony from the departments of Mayenne, Haute-Loire and Cantal. Copper and mispickel are mined only in small quantities. The table below gives the average production of zinc, argentiferous lead, iron-pyrites and other ores during the quinquennial period 1901–1905.
| Production (Thousands of Metric Tons). |
Value £. | |
| Zinc... | 60.3 | 206,912 |
| Lead... | 18.5 | 100,424 |
| Iron-pyrites . | 297.2 | 170,312 |
| Other ores. | 36.0 | 68,376 |
Salt, &c.—Rock-salt is worked chiefly in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, which produces more than half the average annual product of salt. For the years 1896–1905, this was 1,010,000 tons, including both rock- and sea-salt. The salt-marshes of the Mediterranean coast, especially the Étang de Berre and those of Loire-Inférieure, are the principal sources of sea-salt. Sulphur is obtained near Apt (Vaucluse) and in a few other localities of south-eastern France; bituminous schist near Autun (Saône-et-Loire) and Buxières (Allier). The most extensive peat-workings are in the valleys of the Somme; asphalt comes from Seyssel (Ain) and Puy-de-Dôme.
The mineral springs of France are numerous, of varied character and much frequented. Leading resorts are: in the Pyrenean region, Amélie-les-Bains, Bagnères-de-Luchon, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Barèges, Cauterets, Eaux-Bonnes, Eaux-Chaudes and Dax; in the Central Plateau, Mont-Dore, La Bourboule, Bourbon l’Archambault, Vichy, Royat, Chaudes-Aigues, Vais, Lamalon; in the Alps, Aix-les-Bains and Evian; in the Vosges and Faucilles, Plombières, Luxeuil, Contrexéville, Vittel, Martigny and Bourbonne-les-Bains. Outside these main groups St Amand-les-Eaux and Foyes-les-Eaux may be mentioned.
Quarry-Products.—Quarries of various descriptions are numerous all over France. Slate is obtained in large quantities from the departments of Maine-et-Loire (Angers), Ardennes (Fumay) and Mayenne (Renazé). Stone-quarrying is specially active in the departments round Paris, Seine-et-Oise employing more persons in this occupation than any other department. The environs of Creil (Oise) and Château-Landon (Seine-et-Marne) are noted for their freestone (pierre de taille), which is also abundant at Euville and Lérouville in Meuse; the production of plaster is particularly important in the environs of Paris, of kaolin of fine quality at Yrieix (Haute-Vienne), of hydraulic lime in Ardèche (Le Teil), of lime phosphates in the department of Somme, of marble in the departments of Haute-Garonne (St Béat), Hautes-Pyrénées (Campan, Sarrancolin), Isère and Pas-de-Calais, and of cement in Pas-de-Calais (vicinity of Boulogne) and Isère (Grenoble). Paving-stone is supplied in large quantities by Seine-et-Oise, and brick-clay is worked chiefly in Nord, Seine and Pas-de-Calais. The products of the quarries of France for the five years 1901–1905 averaged £9,311,000 per annum in value, of which building material brought in over two-thirds.
Metallurgy.—The average production and value of iron and steel manufactured in France in the last four decades of the 19th century is shown below:
| Years. | Cast Iron. | Wrought Iron and Steel. | |||
| Product (Thousands of Metric Tons). |
Value (Thousands of £). |
Product (Thousands of Metric Tons). |
Value (Thousands of £). | ||
| 1861–1870 | 1191.5 | 5012 | 844 | 8,654 | |
| 1871–1880 | 1391 | 5783 | 1058 | .5 | 11,776 |
| 1881–1890 | 1796 | 5119 | 1376 | 11,488 | |
| 1891–1900 | 2267 | 5762 | 1686 | 14,540 | |
| 1903 | 2841 | 7334 | 1896 | 15,389 | |
Taking the number of hands engaged in the industry as a basis of comparison, the most important departments as regards iron and steel working in 1901 were:
| Department. | Chief Centres. | Hands engaged in Production of Pig-Iron and Steel. |
Hands engaged in Production of Engineering Material and Manufactured Goods. |
| Seine...... | .......... | 600 | 102,500 |
| Nord...... | Lille, Anzin, Denain, Douai, Hautmont, Maubeuge | 14,000 | 45,000 |
| Loire...... | Rive-de-Gier, Firminy, St Étienne, St Chamond | 9,500 | 17,500 |
| Meurthe-et-Moselle ... | Pont-à-Mousson, Frouard, Longwy, Nancy | 16,500 | 6,500 |
| Ardennes..... | Charleville, Nouzon | 800 | 23,000 |
- ↑ The metric ton = 1000 kilogrammes or 2204 ℔.
