John P. Hale and Leicester King as president and vice-president respectively, but in the spring of 1848 it withdrew its candidates and joined the “free soil” movement. Representatives of eighteen states, including Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, attended the Buffalo convention. In the ensuing presidential election Van Buren and Adams received a popular vote of 291,263, of which 120,510 were cast in New York. They received no electoral votes, all these being divided between the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, who was elected, and the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass. The “free soilers,” however, succeeded in sending to the thirty-first Congress two senators and fourteen representatives, who by their ability exercised an influence out of proportion to their number.
Between 1848 and 1852 the “Barnburners” and the “Hunkers,” their opponents, became partially reunited, the former returning to the Democratic ranks, and thus greatly weakening the Free Soilers. The party held its national convention at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, on the 11th of August 1852, delegates being present from all the free states, and from Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and Kentucky; and John P. Hale, of New Hampshire, and George W. Julian of Indiana, were nominated for the presidency and the vice-presidency respectively, on a platform which declared slavery “a sin against God and a crime against man,” denounced the Compromise Measures of 1850, the fugitive slave law in particular, and again opposed the extension of slavery in the Territories. These candidates, however, received no electoral votes and a popular vote of only 156,149, of which but 25,329 were polled in New York. By 1856 they abandoned their separate organization and joined the movement which resulted in the formation of the powerful Republican party (q.v.), of which the Free Soil party was the legitimate precursor.
FREE-STONE (a translation of the O. Fr. franche pere or pierre,
i.e. stone of good quality; the modern French equivalent is
pierre de taille, and Ital. pietra molle), stone used in architecture
for mouldings, tracery and other work required to be worked
with the chisel. The oolitic stones are generally so called,
although in some countries soft sandstones are used; in some
churches an indurated chalk called “clunch” is employed for
internal lining and for carving.
FREETOWN, capital of the British colony of Sierra Leone,
West Africa, on the south side of the Sierra Leone estuary, about
5 m. from the cape of that name, in 8° 29′ N., 13° 10′ W. Pop.
(1901) 34,463. About 500 of the inhabitants are Europeans.
Freetown is picturesquely situated on a plain, closed in behind
by a succession of wooded hills, the Sierra Leone, rising to a height
of 1700 ft. As nearly every house is surrounded by a courtyard
or garden, the town covers an unusually large area for the number
of its inhabitants. It possesses few buildings of architectural
merit. The principal are the governor’s residence and government
offices, the barracks, the cathedral, the missionary institutions,
the fruit market, Wilberforce Hall, courts of justice,
the railway station and the grammar school. Several of these
institutions are built on the slopes of the hills, and on the highest
point, Sugar Loaf Mountain, is a sanatorium. The botanic
gardens form a pleasant and favourite place of resort. The roads
are wide but badly kept. Horses do not live, and all wheeled
traffic is done by manual labour—hammocks and sedan-chairs
are the customary means of locomotion. Notwithstanding that
Freetown possesses an abundant and pure water-supply, drawn
from the adjacent hills, it is enervating and unhealthy, and it
was particularly to the capital, often spoken of as Sierra Leone,
that the designation “White Man’s Grave” applied. Since the
beginning of the 20th century strenuous efforts have been made
to improve the sanitary condition by a new system of drainage,
a better water service, the filling up of marshes wherein the
malarial mosquito breeds, and in other directions. A light
railway 6 m. long, opened in 1904, has been built to Hill Station
(900 ft. high), where, on a healthy site, are the residences of the
government officials and of other Europeans. As a consequence
the public health has improved, the highest death-rate in the
years 1901–1907 being 29.6 per 1000. The town is governed
by a municipality (created in 1893) with a mayor and councillors,
the large majority being elective. Freetown was the first place
in British West Africa granted local self-government.
Both commercially and strategically Freetown is a place of importance. Its harbour affords ample accommodation for the largest fleets, it is a coaling station for the British navy, the headquarters of the British military forces in West Africa, the sea terminus of the railway to the rich oil-palm regions of Mendiland, and a port of call for all steamers serving West Africa. Its inhabitants are noted for their skill as traders; the town itself produces nothing in the way of exports.
In consequence of the character of the original settlement (see Sierra Leone), 75% of the inhabitants are descended from non-indigenous Negro races. As many as 150 different tribes are represented in the Sierra Leonis of to-day. Their semi-Europeanization is largely the result of missionary endeavour. The only language of the lower class is pidgin-English—quite incomprehensible to the newcomer from Great Britain,—but a large proportion of the inhabitants are highly educated men who excel as lawyers, clergymen, clerks and traders. Many members of the upper, that is, the best-educated, class have filled official positions of great responsibility. The most noted citizens are Bishop Crowther and Sir Samuel Lewis, chief justice of Sierra Leone 1882–1894. Both were full-blooded Africans. The Kru-men form a distinct section of the community, living in a separate quarter and preserving their tribal customs.
Since 1861–1862 there has been an independent Episcopal Native Church; but the Church Missionary Society, which in 1804 sent out the first missionaries to Sierra Leone, still maintains various agencies. Furah Bay College, built by the society on the site of General Charles Turner’s estate (112 m. E. of Freetown), and opened in 1828 with six pupils, one of whom was Bishop Crowther, was affiliated in 1876 to Durham University and has a high-class curriculum. The Wesleyans have a high school, a theological college, and other educative agencies. The Moslems, who are among the most law-abiding and intelligent citizens of Freetown, have several state-aided primary schools.
FREE TRADE, an expression which has now come to be
appropriated to the economic policy of encouraging the greatest
possible commercial intercourse, unrestricted by “protective”
duties (see Protection), between any one country and its neighbours.
This policy was originally advocated in France, and it
has had its adherents in many countries, but Great Britain
stands alone among the great commercial nations of the world
in having adopted it systematically from 1846 onwards as the
fundamental principle of her economic policy.
In the economic literature of earlier periods, it may be noted that the term “free trade” is employed in senses which have no relation to modern usage. The term conveyed no suggestion of unrestricted trade or national liberty when it first appeared in controversial pamphlets;[1] it stood for a freedom conferred and maintained by authority—like that of a free town. The merchants desired to have good regulations for trade so that they might be free from the disabilities imposed upon them by foreign princes or unscrupulous fellow-subjects. After 1640 the term seems to have been commonly current in a different sense. When the practice which had been handed down from the middle ages—of organizing the trade with particular countries by means of privileged companies, which professed to regulate the trade according to the state of the market so as to secure its steady development in the interest of producers and traders—was seriously called in question under the Stuarts and at the Revolution, the interlopers and opponents of the companies insisted on the advantages of a “Free Trade”; they meant by this that the various branches of commerce should not be confined to particular persons or limited in amount, but should be thrown open to be pursued by any Englishman in the way he thought most profitable himself.[2] Again, in the latter half of the 18th
