the harbinger of an Utopia. The old principles of the bourgeois manufacturers had been taken up by the proletariat and shaped to suit themselves. Socialism, like free trade, is cosmopolitan in its aims, and is indifferent to patriotism and hostile to militarism. Socialism, like free trade, insists on material welfare as the primary object to be aimed at in any policy, and, like free trade, socialism tests welfare by reference to possibilities of consumption. In one respect there is a difference; throughout Cobden’s attack on the governing classes there are signs of his jealousy of the superior status of the landed gentry, but socialism has a somewhat wider range of view and demands “equality of opportunity” with the capitalist as well.
Bibliography.—Reference has already been made to the principal works which deal critically with the free-trade policy. Professor Fawcett’s Free Trade is a good exposition of free-trade principles; so also is Professor Bastable’s Commerce of Nations. Among authors who have restated the principles with special reference to the revived controversy on the subject may be mentioned Professor W. Smart, The Return to Protection, being a Restatement of the Case for Free Trade (2nd ed., 1906), and A. C. Pigou, Protective and Preferential Import Duties (1906). (W. Cu.)
FREGELLAE, an ancient town of Latium adiectum, situated
on the Via Latina, 11 m. W.N.W. of Aquinum, near the left branch
of the Liris. It is said to have belonged in early times to the
Opici or Oscans, and later to the Volscians. It was apparently
destroyed by the Samnites a little before 330 B.C., in which year
the people of Fabrateria Vetus (mod. Ceccano) besought the help
of Rome against them, and in 328 B.C. a Latin colony was established
there. The place was taken in 320 B.C. by the Samnites,
but re-established by the Romans in 313 B.C. It continued henceforward
to be faithful to Rome; by breaking the bridges over the
Liris it interposed an obstacle to the advance of Hannibal on
Rome in 212 B.C., and it was a native of Fregellae who headed the
deputation of the non-revolting colonies in 209 B.C. It appears to
have been a very important and flourishing place owing to its
command of the crossing of the Liris, and to its position in a
fertile territory, and it was here that, after the rejection of the
proposals of M. Fulvius Flaccus for the extension of Roman
burgess-rights in 125 B.C., a revolt against Rome broke out.
It was captured by treachery in the same year and destroyed;
but its place was taken in the following year by the colony of
Fabrateria Nova, 3 m. to the S.E. on the opposite bank of the
Liris, while a post station Fregellanum (mod. Ceprano) is
mentioned in the itineraries; Fregellae itself, however, continued
to exist as a village even under the empire. The site is clearly
traceable about 12 m. E. of Ceprano, but the remains of the city
are scanty.
See G. Colasanti, Fregellae, storia e topografia (1906) (T. As.) .
FREIBERG, or Freyberg, a town of Germany in the kingdom
of Saxony, on the Münzbach, near its confluence with the Mulde,
19 m. S.W. of Dresden on the railway to Chemnitz, with a branch
to Nossen. Pop. (1905) 30,896. Its situation, on the rugged
northern slope of the Erzgebirge, is somewhat bleak and uninviting, but the town is generally well built and makes a prosperous
impression. A part of its ancient walls still remains; the other
portions have been converted into public walks and gardens.
Freiberg is the seat of the general administration of the mines
throughout the kingdom, and its celebrated mining academy
(Bergakademie), founded in 1765, is frequented by students
from all parts of the world. Connected with it are extensive
collections of minerals and models, a library of 50,000 volumes,
and laboratories for chemistry, metallurgy and assaying. Among
its distinguished scholars it reckons Abraham Gottlob Werner
(1750–1817), who was also a professor there, and Alexander von
Humboldt. Freiberg has extensive manufactures of gold and
silver lace, woollen cloths, linen and cotton goods, iron, copper
and brass wares, gunpowder and white-lead. It has also several
large breweries. In the immediate vicinity are its famous silver
and lead mines, thirty in number, and of which the principal ones
passed into the property of the state in 1886. The castle of
Freudenstein or Freistein, as rebuilt by the elector Augustus
in 1572, is situated in one of the suburbs and is now used as a
military magazine. In its grounds a monument was erected
to Werner in 1851. The cathedral, rebuilt in late Gothic style
after its destruction by fire in 1484 and restored in 1893, was
founded in the 12th century. Of the original church a magnificent
German Romanesque doorway, known as the Golden Gate
(Goldene Pforte), survives. The church contains numerous
monuments, among others one to Prince Maurice of Saxony.
Adjoining the cathedral is the mausoleum (Begräbniskapelle),
built in 1594 in the Italian Renaissance style, in which are buried
the remains of Henry the Pious and his successors down to John
George IV., who died in 1694. Of the other four Protestant
churches the most noteworthy is the Peterskirche which,
with its three towers, is a conspicuous object on the highest
point of the town. Among the other public buildings are the old
town-hall, dating from the 15th century, the antiquarian museum,
and the natural history museum. There are a classical and
modern, a commercial and an agricultural school, and numerous
charitable institutions.
Freiberg owes its origin to the discovery of its silver mines (c. 1163). The town, with the castle of Freudenstein, was built by Otto the Rich, margrave of Meissen, in 1175, and its name, which first appears in 1221, is derived from the extensive mining franchises granted to it about that time. In all the partitions of the territories of the Saxon house of Wettin, from the latter part of the 13th century onward, Freiberg always remained common property, and it was not till 1485 (the mines not till 1537) that it was definitively assigned to the Albertine line. The Reformation was introduced into Freiberg in 1536 by Henry the Pious, who resided here. The town suffered severely during the Thirty Years’ War, and again during the French occupation from 1806 to 1814, during which time it had to support an army of 700,000 men and find forage for 200,000 horses.
See H. Gerlach, Kleine Chronik von Freiberg (2nd ed., Freiberg, 1898); H. Ermisch, Das Freiberger Stadtrecht (Leipzig, 1889); Ermisch and O. Posse, Urkundenbuch der Stadt Freiberg, in Codex diplom. Sax. reg. (3 vols., Leipzig, 1883–1891); Freibergs Berg- und Hüttenwesen, published by the Bergmännischer Verein (Freiberg, 1883); Ledebur, Über die Bedeutung der Freiberger Bergakademie (ib. 1903); Steche, Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Amtshauptmannschaft Freiberg (Dresden, 1884).
FREIBURG, a town of Germany in Prussian Silesia, on the
Polsnitz, 35 m. S.W. of Breslau, on the railway to Halbstadt.
Pop. (1905) 9917. It has an Evangelical and Roman Catholic
church, and its industries include watch-making, linen-weaving
and distilling. In the neighbourhood are the old and modern
castles of the Fürstenstein family, whence the town is sometimes
distinguished as Freiburg unter dem Fürstenstein. At Freiburg,
on the 22nd of July 1762, the Prussians defended themselves
successfully against the superior forces of the Austrians.
FREIBURG IM BREISGAU, an archiepiscopal see and city of
Germany in the grand duchy of Baden, 12 m. E. of the Rhine,
beautifully situated on the Dreisam at the foot of the Schlossberg,
one of the heights of the Black Forest range, on the railway
between Basel and Mannheim, 40 m. N. of the former city.
Pop. (1905) 76,285. The town is for the most part well built,
having several wide and handsome streets and a number of
spacious squares. It is kept clean and cool by the waters of
the river, which flow through the streets in open channels; and
its old fortifications have been replaced by public walks, and,
what is more unusual, by vineyards. It possesses a famous
university, the Ludovica Albertina, founded by Albert VI.,
archduke of Austria, in 1457, and attended by about 2000
students. The library contains upwards of 250,000 volumes and
600 MSS., and among the other auxiliary establishments are
an anatomical hall and museum and botanical gardens. The
Freiburg minster is considered one of the finest of all the Gothic
churches of Germany, being remarkable alike for the symmetry
of its proportions, for the taste of its decorations, and for the
fact that it may more correctly be said to be finished than almost
any other building of the kind. The period of its erection probably
lies for the most part between 1122 and 1252; but the
choir was not built till 1513. The tower, which rises above the
western entrance, is 386 ft. in height, and it presents a skilful
transition from a square base into an octagonal superstructure,
which in its turn is surmounted by a pyramidal spire of the most
