remembered for his careful interpretations and elucidations of the Judicature Acts, then first coming into operation. In 1883 he was made a lord justice of appeal, but resigned in 1892; and subsequently his knowledge of equity and talents for arbitration were utilized by the British government from time to time in various special directions, particularly as chairman of many commissions. He was also one of the British representatives at the Paris North Sea Inquiry Commission (1905), and was appointed a member of the Hague Permanent Arbitration Court. He wrote A Treatise on the Specific Performance of Public Contracts (London, 1858, and many subsequent editions).
FRY, ELIZABETH (1780–1845), English philanthropist, and,
after Howard, the chief promoter of prison reform in Europe,
was born in Norwich on the 21st of May 1780. Her father,
John Gurney, afterwards of Earlham Hall, a wealthy merchant
and banker, represented an old family which for some generations
had belonged to the Society of Friends. While still a girl she
gave many indications of the benevolence of disposition, clearness
and independence of judgment, and strength of purpose, for which
she was afterwards so distinguished; but it was not until after
she had entered her eighteenth year that her religion assumed
a decided character, and that she was induced, under the preaching
of the American Quaker, William Savery, to become an earnest
and enthusiastic though never fanatical “Friend.” In August
1800 she became the wife of Joseph Fry, a London merchant.
Amid increasing family cares she was unwearied in her attention to the poor and the neglected of her neighbourhood; and in 1811 she was acknowledged by her co-religionists as a “minister,” an honour and responsibility for which she was undoubtedly qualified, not only by vigour of intelligence and warmth of heart, but also by an altogether unusual faculty of clear, fluent and persuasive speech. Although she had made several visits to Newgate prison as early as February 1813, it was not until nearly four years afterwards that the great public work of her life may be said to have begun. The association for the Improvement of the Female Prisoners in Newgate was formed in April 1817. Its aim was the much-needed establishment of some of what are now regarded as the first principles of prison discipline, such as entire separation of the sexes, classification of criminals, female supervision for the women, and adequate provision for their religious and secular instruction, as also for their useful employment. The ameliorations effected by this association, and largely by the personal exertions of Mrs Fry, soon became obvious, and led to a rapid extension of similar methods to other places. In 1818 she, along with her brother, visited the prisons of Scotland and the north of England; and the publication (1819) of the notes of this tour, as also the cordial recognition of the value of her work by the House of Commons committee on the prisons of the metropolis, led to a great increase of her correspondence, which now extended to Italy, Denmark and Russia, as well as to all parts of the United Kingdom. Through a visit to Ireland, which she made in 1827, she was led to direct her attention to other houses of detention besides prisons; and her observations resulted in many important improvements in the British hospital system, and in the treatment of the insane. In 1838 she visited France, and besides conferring with many of the leading prison officials, she personally visited most of the houses of detention in Paris, as well as in Rouen, Caen and some other places. In the following year she obtained an official permission to visit all the prisons in that country; and her tour, which extended from Boulogne and Abbeville to Toulouse and Marseilles, resulted in a report which was presented to the minister of the interior and the prefect of police. Before returning to England she had included Geneva, Zürich, Stuttgart and Frankfort-on-Main in her inspection. The summer of 1840 found her travelling through Belgium, Holland and Prussia on the same mission; and in 1841 she also visited Copenhagen. In 1842, through failing health, Mrs Fry was compelled to forgo her plans for a still more widely extended activity, but had the satisfaction of hearing from almost every quarter of Europe that the authorities were giving increased practical effect to her suggestions. In 1844 she was seized with a lingering illness, of which she died on the 12th of October 1845. She was survived by a numerous family, the youngest of whom was born in 1822.
Two interesting volumes of Memoirs, with Extracts from her Journals and Letters, edited by two of her daughters, were published in 1847. See also Elizabeth Fry, by G. King Lewis (1910).
FRYXELL, ANDERS (1795–1881), Swedish historian, was
born at Hesselskog, Dalsland, Sweden, on the 7th of February
1795. He was educated at Upsala, took holy orders in 1820,
was made a doctor of philosophy in 1821, and in 1823 began to
publish the great work of his life, the Stories from Swedish
History. He did not bring this labour to a close until, fifty-six
years later, he published the forty-sixth and crowning volume
of his vast enterprise. Fryxell, as a historian, appealed to every
class by the picturesqueness of his style and the breadth of his
research; he had the gift of awakening to an extraordinary
degree the national sense in his readers. In 1824 he published
his Swedish Grammar, which was long without a rival. In 1833
he received the title of professor, and in 1835 he was appointed
to the incumbency of Sunne, in the diocese of Karlstad, where
he resided for the remainder of his life. In 1840 he was elected
to the Swedish Academy in succession to the poet Wallin (1779–1839).
In 1847 Fryxell received from his bishop permission to
withdraw from all the services of the Church, that he might devote
himself without interruption to historical investigation. Among
his numerous minor writings are prominent his Characteristics
of Sweden between 1592 and 1600 (1830), his Origins of the Inaccuracy
with which the History of Sweden in Catholic Times has
been Treated (1847), and his Contributions to the Literary History
of Sweden. It is now beginning to be seen that the abundant
labours of Fryxell were rather of a popular than of a scientific
order, and although their influence during his lifetime was
unbounded, it is only fair to later and exacter historians to
admit that they threaten to become obsolete in more than one
direction. On the 21st of March 1881 Anders Fryxell died at
Stockholm, and in 1884 his daughter Eva Fryxell (born 1829)
published from his MS. an interesting History of My History,
which was really a literary autobiography and displays the
persistency and tirelessness of his industry.
(E. G.)
FUAD PASHA (1815–1869), Turkish statesman, was the son
of the distinguished poet Kechéji-zadé Izzet Molla. He was
educated at the medical school and was at first an army surgeon.
About 1836 he entered the civil service as an official of the
foreign ministry. He became secretary of the embassy in
London; was employed on special missions in the principalities
and at St Petersburg (1848), and was sent to Egypt as special
commissioner in 1851. In that year he became minister for
foreign affairs, a post to which he was appointed also on four
subsequent occasions and which he held at the time of his death.
During the Crimean War he commanded the troops on the
Greek frontier and distinguished himself by his bravery. He
was Turkish delegate at the Paris conference of 1856; was
charged with a mission to Syria in 1860; grand vizier in 1860
and 1861, and also minister of war. He accompanied the
sultan Abd-ul-Aziz on his journey to Egypt and Europe, when
the freedom of the city of London was conferred on him. He
died at Nice (whither he had been ordered for his health) in
1869. Fuad was renowned for his boldness and promptness
of decision, as well as for his ready wit and his many bons mots. Generally regarded as the partisan of a pro-English policy,
he rendered most valuable service to his country by his
able management of the foreign relations of Turkey, and not
least by his efficacious settlement of affairs in Syria after the
massacres of 1860.
FUCHOW, Fu-Chau, Foochow, a city of China, capital of
the province of Fu-kien, and one of the principal ports open to
foreign commerce. In the local dialect it is called Hokchiu.
It is situated on the river Min, about 35 m. from the sea, in
26° 5′ N. and 119° 20′ E., 140 m. N. of Amoy and 280 S. of
Hang-chow. The city proper, lying nearly 3 m. from the north
bank of the river, is surrounded by a wall about 30 ft. high and
12 ft. thick, which makes a circuit of upwards of 5 m. and is pierced
by seven gateways surrounded by tall fantastic watch-towers.
