Aelia Augusta) and an aqueduct. After the 3rd century Gabii practically disappears from history, though its bishops continue to be mentioned in ecclesiastical documents till the close of the 9th. The primitive city occupied the eastern bank of the lake, the citadel being now marked by the ruins of the medieval fortress of Castiglione, while the Roman town extended farther to the south. The most conspicuous relic of the latter is a ruined temple, generally attributed to Juno, which had six columns in the front and six on each side. The plan is interesting, but the style of architecture was apparently mixed. To the east of the temple lay the Forum, where excavations were made by Gavin Hamilton in 1792. All the objects found were placed in the Villa Borghese, but many of them were carried off to Paris by Napoleon, and still remain in the Louvre. The statues and busts are especially numerous and interesting; besides the deities Venus, Diana, Nemesis, &c., they comprise Agrippa, Tiberius, Germanicus, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Trajan and Plotina, Hadrian and Sabina, M. Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Geta, Gordianus Pius and others. The inscriptions relate mainly to local and municipal matters.
See E. Q. Visconti, Monumenti Gabini della Villa Pinciana (Rome, 1797, and Milan, 1835); T. Ashby in Papers of the British School at Rome, i. 180 seq.; G. Pinza in Bull. Com. (1903), 321 seq. (T. As.)
GABINIUS, AULUS, Roman statesman and general, and
supporter of Pompey, a prominent figure in the later days of the
Roman republic. In 67 B.C., when tribune of the people, he
brought forward the famous law (Lex Gabinia) conferring upon
Pompey the command in the war against the Mediterranean
pirates, with extensive powers which gave him absolute control
over that sea and the coasts for 50 m. inland. By two other
measures of Gabinius loans of money to foreign ambassadors
in Rome were made non-actionable (as a check on the corruption
of the senate) and the senate was ordered to give audience to
foreign envoys on certain fixed days (1st of Feb.–1st of March).
In 61 Gabinius, then praetor, endeavoured to win the public
favour by providing games on a scale of unusual splendour,
and in 58 managed to secure the consulship, not without suspicion
of bribery. During his term of office he aided Publius Clodius
in bringing about the exile of Cicero. In 57 Gabinius went
as proconsul to Syria. On his arrival he reinstated Hyrcanus
in the high-priesthood at Jerusalem, suppressed revolts, introduced
important changes in the government of Judaea, and
rebuilt several towns. During his absence in Egypt, whither he
had been sent by Pompey, without the consent of the senate,
to restore Ptolemy Auletes to his kingdom, Syria had been
devastated by robbers, and Alexander, son of Aristobulus, had
again taken up arms with the object of depriving Hyrcanus of the
high-priesthood. With some difficulty Gabinius restored order
and in 54 handed over the province to his successor, M. Licinius
Crassus. The knights, who as farmers of the taxes had suffered
heavy losses during the disturbances in Syria, were greatly
embittered against Gabinius, and, when he appeared in the senate
to give an account of his governorship, he was brought to trial
on three counts, all involving a capital offence. On the charge
of majestas (high treason) incurred by having left his province for
Egypt without the consent of the senate and in defiance of the
Sibylline books, he was acquitted; it is said that the judges were
bribed, and even Cicero, who had recently attacked Gabinius
with the utmost virulence, was persuaded by Pompey to say as
little as he could in his evidence to damage his former enemy.
On the second charge, that of repetundae (extortion during the
administration of his province), with especial reference to the
10,000 talents paid by Ptolemy for his restoration, he was found
guilty, in spite of evidence offered on his behalf by Pompey and
witnesses from Alexandria and the eloquence of Cicero, who had
been induced to plead his cause. Nothing but Cicero's wish to
do a favour to Pompey could have induced him to take up what
must have been a distasteful task; indeed, it is hinted that the
half-heartedness of the defence materially contributed to
Gabinius's condemnation. The third charge, that of ambitus
(illegalities committed during his canvass for the consulship)
was consequently dropped; Gabinius went into exile, and his
property was confiscated. After the outbreak of the civil war,
he was recalled by Caesar in 49, and entered his service, but took
no active part against his old patron Pompey. After the battle
of Pharsalus, he was commissioned to transport some recently
levied troops to Illyricum. On his way thither by land, he was
attacked by the Dalmatians and with difficulty made his way
to Salonae (Dalmatia). Here he bravely defended himself
against the attacks of the Pompeian commander, Marcus
Octavius, but in a few months died of illness (48 or the beginning of 47).
See Dio Cassius xxxvi. 23-36, xxxvlii. 13. 3 O, xxxix. 55-63; Plutarch, Pompey, 25. 48; Josephus, Antiq. xiv. 4-6; Appian, Illyrica, 12, Bell. Civ. ii. 24. 59; Cicero, ad Att. vi. 5, ad Q. Fratrem, ii. 13, Post reditum in senatu, 4–8, Pro lege Manilia, 17, 18, 19; exhaustive article by Bähr in Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Encyclopdie; and monograph by G. Stòcchi, Aulo Gabinio e i suoi processi (1892).
GABION (a French word derived through Ital. gabbione,
gabbia, from Lat. cavea, a cage), a cylindrical basket without
top or bottom, used in revetting fortifications and for numerous
other purposes of military engineering. The gabion is filled
with earth when in position. The ordinary brushwood gabion in
the British service has a diameter of 2 ft. and a height of 2 ft. 9 in.
There are several forms of gabion in use, the best known being
the Willesden paper band gabion and the Jones iron or steel
band gabion.
GABLE; in architecture, the upper portion of a wall from the
level of the eaves or gutter to the ridge of the roof. The word is
a southern English form of the Scottish gāvel, or of an O. Fr.
word gable or jable, both ultimately derived from O. Norwegian
gaff. In other Teutonic languages, similar words, such as
Ger. Gabel and Dutch gaffel, mean " fork," cf. Lat. gabalus,
gallows, which is Teutonic in origin; " gable " is represented
by such forms as Ger. Giebel and Dutch gevel. According to the
New English Dictionary the primary meaning of all these words
is probably "top " or " head," cf. Gr. κεφαλή, and refers to the
forking timbers at the end of a roof. The gable corresponds to
the pediment in classic buildings where the roof was of low pitch.
If the roof is carried across on the top of the wall so that the
purlins project beyond its face, they are masked or hidden by a
" barge board," but as a rule the roof butts up against the back of
the wall which is raised so as to form a parapet. In the middle
ages the gable end was invariably parallel to the roof and was
crowned by coping stones properly weathered on both sides to
throw off the rain. In the 16th century in England variety was
given to the outline of the gable by a series of alternating semi-circular
and ogee curves. In Holland, Belgium and Scotland a
succession of steps was employed, which in the latter country are
known as crow gables or corbie steps. In Germany and the
Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries the step gables
assume very elaborate forms of an extremely rococo character,
and they are sometimes of immense size, with windows in two or
three storeys. Designs of a similar rococo character are foundin
England, but only in crestings such as those which surmount the
towers of Wollaton and the gatehouse of Hardwick Hail.
Gabled Towers, in architecture, are those towers which are finished with gables instead of parapets, as at Sompting, Sussex. Many of the German Romanesque towers are gabled.
GABLER, GEORG ANDREAS (1786–1853), German Hegelian philosopher, son of J. P. Gabler (below), was born on the 30th of July 1786, at Altdorf in Bavaria. In 1804 he accompanied his father to Jena, where he completed his studies in philosophy and law, and became an enthusiastic disciple of Hegel. After holding various educational appointments, he was in 1821 appointed rector of the Bayreuth gymnasium, and in 1830 general superintendent of schools. In 1835 he succeeded Hegel in the Berlin chair. He died at Teplitz on the 13th of September 1853. His works include Lehrbuch d. philos. Propädeutik (1st vol., Erlangen, 1827), a popular exposition of the Hegelian system; De verae philosophiae erga religionem Christianam pietate (Berlin, 1836), and Die Hegelische Philosophie (lb., 1843), a defence of the Hegelian philosophy against Trendelenburg.
