Page:EB1911 - Volume 11.djvu/779

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GEORGIA
List of Governors
I. Administration of the Trustees.
James Edward Oglethorpe[1]  1732–1743
William Stephens[2] 1743–1751
Henry Parker[2] 1751–1753
Patrick Graham[2] 1753–1754
II. Royal Administration.
John Reynolds 1754–1757
Henry Ellis 1757–1760
Sir James Wright 1760–1782
III. Provincial Administration.
William Ewen[3] 1775
Archibald Bulloch[4] 1776
Button Gwinnett[4] 1777
Jonathan Bryan[4] 1777
IV. Georgia as a State.
John A. Treutlen[5] 1777–1778
John Houston 1778–1779
John Wereat[6] 1779
George Walton 1779–1780
Richard Hawley 1780
Stephen Heard[6] 1780–1781
Myrick Davies[6] 1781
Nathan Brownson 1781–1782
John Martin 1782–1783
Lyman Hall 1783–1785
Samuel Elbert 1785–1786
Edward Telfair 1786–1787
George Matthews 1787–1788
George Handley 1788–1789
George Walton 1789–1790  Democratic-Republican
Edward Telfair 1790–1793 ,,    ,,
George Matthews 1793–1796 ,,    ,,
Jared Irwin 1796–1798 ,,    ,,
James Jackson 1798–1801 ,,    ,,
David Emanuel 1801 ,,    ,,
Josiah Tattnall 1801–1802 ,,    ,,
John Milledge 1802–1806 ,,    ,,
Jared Irwin 1806–1809 ,,    ,,
David B. Mitchell 1809–1813 ,,    ,,
Peter Early 1813–1815 ,,    ,,
David B. Mitchell 1815–1817 ,,    ,,
William Rabun[7] 1817–1819 ,,    ,,
Matthew Talbot[7] 1819 ,,    ,,
John Clarke 1819–1823 ,,    ,,
George M. Troup 1823–1827 ,,    ,,
John Forsyth 1827–1829 ,,    ,,
George R. Gilmer 1829–1831  National Republican
Wilson Lumpkin 1831–1835  Democratic-Republican
William Schley 1835–1837  Union
George Gilmer 1837–1839  Democrat
Charles J. McDonald 1839–1843  Union
George W. Crawford 1843–1847  Whig
George W.B. Towns 1847–1851  Democrat
Howell Cobb 1851–1853  Constitutional Union
Herschell V. Johnson 1853–1856  Democrat
Joseph E. Brown 1857–1865    ,,
James Johnson[8] 1865    ,,
Charles J. Jenkins 1865–1868    ,,
Thomas H. Ruger 1868    ,,
Rufus B. Bullock 1868–1871  Republican
Benjamin Conley[7] 1871–1872    ,,
James M. Smith 1872–1876  Democrat
Alfred H. Colquitt 1876–1882    ,,
Alexander H. Stephens  1882–1883    ,,
James S. Boynton[7] 1883    ,,
Henry D. McDaniel 1883–1886    ,,
John B. Gordon 1886–1890    ,,
W.J. Northen 1890–1894    ,,
W.Y. Atkinson 1894–1898    ,,
A.D. Candler 1898–1902    ,,
Joseph M. Terrell 1902–1907    ,,
Hoke Smith 1907–1909    ,,
Joseph M. Brown 1909–1911    ,,
Hoke Smith 1911–    ,,

A brief bibliography, chiefly of historical materials, is given by U. B. Phillips in his monograph “Georgia and State Rights,” in vol. ii. of the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1901 (Washington, 1902). Valuable information concerning the resources and products of the state is given in the publications of the Department of Agriculture, which include weekly and monthly Bulletins, biennial Reports and a volume entitled Georgia, Historical and Industrial (Atlanta, 1901). The Reports of the United States Census (especially the Twelfth Census for 1900 and the special census of manufactures for 1905) should be consulted, and Memoirs of Georgia (2 vols., Atlanta, Ga., 1895) contains chapters on industrial conditions.

The principal sources for public administration are the annual reports of the state officers, philanthropic institutions, the prison commission and the railroad commission, and the revised Code of Georgia (Atlanta, 1896), adopted in 1895; see also L. F. Schmeckebier’s “Taxation in Georgia” (Johns Hopkins University Studies, vol. xviii.) and “Banking in Georgia” (Banker’s Magazine, vol. xlviii.). Education and social conditions are treated in C. E. Jones’s History of Education in Georgia (Washington, 1890), the Annual Reports of the School Commissioner, and various magazine articles, such as “Georgia Cracker in the Cotton Mill” (Century Magazine, vol. xix.) and “A Plea for Light” (South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. iii.). The view of slavery given in Frances A. Kemble’s Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839 (New York, 1863) should be compared with R. Q. Mallard’s Plantation Life before Emancipation (Richmond, Va., 1897), and with F. L. Olmsted’s A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (New York, 1856).

The best book for the entire field of Georgia history is Lawton B. Evans’s A Student’s History of Georgia (New York, 1898), a textbook for schools. This should be supplemented by C. C. Jones’s Antiquities of the Southern Indians, particularly of the Georgia Tribes (New York, 1873), for the aborigines; W. B. Stevens’s History of Georgia to 1798 (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1847–1859) and C. C. Jones, jun., History of Georgia (2 vols., Boston, 1883) for the Colonial and Revolutionary periods; C. H. Haskins’s The Yazoo Land Companies (Washington, 1891); the excellent monograph (mentioned above) by U. B. Phillips for politics prior to 1860; Miss Annie H. Abel’s monograph “The History of Events Resulting in Indian Consolidation West of the Mississippi,” in vol. i. of the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1906 (Washington, 1908) for a good account of the removal of the Indians from Georgia; the judicious monograph by E. C. Woolley, Reconstruction in Georgia (New York, 1901); and I. W. Avery’s History of Georgia from 1850 to 1881 (New York, 1881), which is marred by prejudice but contains material of value. The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia were published at Atlanta in 1909. See also: E. J. Harden’s Life of George M. Troup (Savannah, 1840); R. M. Johnston and W. H. Browne, Life of Alexander H. Stephens (Philadelphia, 1878), and Louis Pendleton, Life of Alexander H. Stephens (Philadelphia, 1907); P. A. Stovall’s Robert Toombs (New York, 1892); H. Fielder’s Life, Times and Speeches of Joseph E. Brown (Springfield, Mass., 1883) and C. C. Jones, jun., Biographical Sketches of Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress (New York, 1891). There is much valuable material, also, in the publications (beginning with 1840) of the Georgia Historical Society (see the list in vol. ii. of the Report of the American Historical Association for 1905).

GEORGIA, a former kingdom of Transcaucasia, which existed historically for more than 2000 years. Its earliest name was Karthli or Karthveli; the Persians knew it as Gurjistan, the Romans and Greeks as Iberia, though the latter placed Colchis also in the west of Georgia. Vrastan is the Armenian name and Gruzia the Russian. Georgia proper, which included Karthli and Kakhetia, was bounded on the N. by Ossetia and Daghestan, on the S. by the principalities of Erivan and Kars, and on the W. by Guria and Imeretia; but the kingdom also included at different times Guria, Mingrelia, Abkhasia, Imeretia and Daghestan, and extended from the Caucasus range on the N. to the Aras or Araxes on the S. It is now divided between the Russian governments of Tiflis and Kutais, under which headings further geographical particulars are given. (See also Caucasia.)

History.—According to traditional accounts, the Georgian (Karthlian), Kakhetian, Lesghian, Mingrelian and other races of Transcaucasia are the descendants of Thargamos, great-grandson of Japheth, son of Noah, though Gen. x. 3 makes Togarmah to be the son of Gomer, who was the son of Japheth. These various races were subsequently known under the general name of Thargamosides. Karthlos, the second son of Thargamos, is the eponymous king of his race, their country being called Karthli after him. Mtskhethos, son of Karthlos, founded the city of Mtskhetha (the modern Mtskhet) and made it the capital of his kingdom. We come, however, to firmer historic ground when we read that Georgia was conquered by Alexander the Great, or rather by one of his generals. The Macedonian yoke was shaken off by Pharnavaz or Pharnabazus, a prince of the royal race, who ruled from 302 to 237 B.C. All through its history Georgia, being on the outskirts of Armenia and Persia, both of

  1. De facto.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 President of the Colony.
  3. President of the Council of Safety.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 President of Georgia.
  5. First Governor under a State Constitution.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 President Executive Council and de facto Governor.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 President of Senate.
  8. Provisional.