goitre where the tumour hung down over the breast, or reached as low as the middle of the thigh.
Goitre usually appears in early life, often from the eighth to the twelfth year; its growth is at first slow, but after several years of comparative quiescence a sudden increase is apt to occur. In the earlier stages the condition of the gland is simply an enlargement of its constituent parts, which retain their normal soft consistence; but in the course of time other changes supervene, and it may become cystic, or acquire hardness from increase of fibrous tissue or from calcareous deposits. Occasionally the enlargement is uniform, but more commonly one of the lobes, generally the right, is the larger. In rare instances the disease is limited to the isthmus which connects the two lobes of the gland. The growth is unattended with pain, and is not inconsistent with good health.
Goitre is a marked example of an endemic disease. There are few parts of the world where it is not found prevailing in certain localities, these being for the most part valleys and elevated plains in mountainous districts (see Cretinism). The malady is generally ascribed to the use of drinking water impregnated with the salts of lime and magnesia, in which ingredients the water of goitrous districts abounds. But in localities not far removed from those in which goitre prevails, and where the water is of the same chemical composition, the disease may be entirely unknown. The disease may be the result of a combination of causes, among which local telluric or malarial influences concur with those of the drinking water. Goitre is sometimes cured by removal of the individual from the district where it prevails, and it is apt to be acquired by previously healthy persons who settle in goitrous localities; and it is only in such places that the disease exhibits hereditary tendencies.
In the early stages, change of air, especially to the seaside, is desirable, and small doses of iron and of iodine should be given; if this fails small doses of thyroid extract should be tried. If palliative measures prove unsuccessful, operation must be undertaken for the removal of one lateral lobe and the isthmus of the tumour. This may be done under chloroform or after the subcutaneous injection of cocaine. If chloroform is used, it must be given very sparingly, as the breathing is apt to become seriously embarrassed during the operation. After the successful performance of the operation great improvement takes place, the remaining part of the gland slowly decreasing in size. The whole of the gland must not be removed during the operation, lest the strange disease known as Myxoedema should be produced (see Metabolic Diseases).
In exophthalmic goitre the bronchocele is but one of three phenomena, which together constitute the disease, viz. palpitation of the heart, enlargement of the thyroid gland, and protrusion of the eyeballs. This group of symptoms is known by the name of “Graves’s disease” or “Von Basedow’s disease”—the physicians by whom the malady was originally described. Although occasionally observed in men, this affection occurs chiefly in females, and in comparatively early life. It is generally preceded by impoverishment of blood, and by nervous or hysterical disorders, and it is occasionally seen in cases of organic heart disease. It has been suddenly developed as the effect of fright or of violent emotion. The first symptom is usually the palpitation of the heart, which is aggravated by slight exertion, and may be so severe as not only to shake the whole frame but even to be audible at some distance. A throbbing is felt throughout the body, and many of the larger blood-vessels are, like the heart, seen to pulsate strongly. The enlargement of the thyroid is gradual, and rarely increases to any great size, thus differing from the commoner form of goitre. The enlarged gland is of soft consistence, and communicates a thrill to the touch from its dilated and pulsating blood-vessels. Accompanying the goitre a remarkable change is observed in the eyes, which attract attention by their prominence, and by the startled expression thus given to the countenance. In extreme cases the eyes protrude from their sockets to such a degree that the eyelids cannot be closed, and injury may thus arise to the constantly exposed eyeballs. Apart from such risk, however, the vision is rarely affected. It occasionally happens that in undoubted cases of the disease one or other of the three above-named phenomena is absent, generally either the goitre or the exophthalmos. The palpitation of the heart is the most constant symptom. Sleeplessness, irritability, disorders of digestion, diarrhoea and uterine derangements, are frequent accompaniments. It is a serious disease and, if unchecked, may end fatally. Some cases are improved by general hygienic measures, others by electric treatment, or by the administration of animal extracts or of sera. Some cases, on the other hand, may be considered suitable for operative treatment. (E. O.*)
GOKAK, a town of British India, in the Belgaum district of
Bombay, 8 m. from a station on the Southern Mahratta railway.
Pop. (1901) 9860. It contains old temples with inscriptions,
and is known for a special industry of modelled toys. About
4 m. N.W. are the Gokak Falls, where the Ghatprabha throws
itself over a precipice 170 ft. high. Close by, the water has been
impounded for a large reservoir, which supplies not only irrigation
but also motive power for a cotton-mill employing 2000 hands.
GOKCHA, (Gök-Chai; Armenian Sevanga; ancient Haosravagha),
the largest lake of Russian Transcaucasia, in the government
of Erivan, in 40° 9′ to 40° 38′ N. and 45° 1′ to 45° 40′ E.
Its altitude is 6345 ft., it is of triangular shape, and measures
from north-west to south-east 45 m., its greatest width being
25 m., and its maximum depth 67 fathoms. Its area is 540 sq. m.
It is surrounded by barren mountains of volcanic origin, 12,000
ft. high. Its outflow is the Zanga, a left bank tributary of the
Aras (Araxes); it never freezes, and its level undergoes periodical
oscillations. It contains four species of Salmonidae, and two
of Cyprinidae, which are only met with in the drainage area
of this lake. A lava island in the middle is crowned by an
Armenian monastery.
GOLCONDA, a fortress and ruined city of India, in the Nizām’s
Dominions, 5 m. W. of Hyderabad city. In former times
Golconda was the capital of a large and powerful kingdom of
the Deccan, ruled by the Kutb Shahi dynasty which was founded
in 1512 by a Turkoman adventurer on the downfall of the
Bahmani dynasty, but the city was subdued by Aurangzeb in
1687, and annexed to the Delhi empire. The fortress of Golconda,
situated on a rocky ridge of granite, is extensive, and contains
many enclosures. It is strong and in good repair, but is commanded
by the summits of the enormous and massive mausolea
of the ancient kings about 600 yds. distant. These buildings,
which are now the chief characteristics of the place, form a vast
group, situated in an arid, rocky desert. They have suffered
considerably from the ravages of time, but more from the hand
of man, and nothing but the great solidity of their walls has
preserved them from utter ruin. These tombs were erected at a
great expense, some of them being said to have cost as much
as £150,000. Golconda fort is now used as the Nizām’s treasury,
and also as the state prison. Golconda has given its name in
English literature to the diamonds which were found in other
parts of the dominions of the Kutb Shahi dynasty, not near
Golconda itself.
GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1), 197.2(O = 16)],
a metallic chemical element, valued from the earliest ages on
account of the permanency of its colour and lustre. Gold
ornaments of great variety and elaborate workmanship have
been discovered on sites belonging to the earliest known civilizations,
Minoan, Egyptian, Assyrian, Etruscan (see Jewelry,
Plate, Egypt, Crete, Aegean Civilization, Numismatics),
and in ancient literature gold is the universal symbol of the
highest purity and value (cf. passages in the Old Testament,
e.g. Ps. xix. 10 “More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than
much fine gold”). With regard to the history of the metallurgy
of gold, it may be mentioned that, according to Pliny, mercury
was employed in his time both as a means of separating the
precious metals and for the purposes of gilding. Vitruvius also
gives a detailed account of the means of recovering gold, by
amalgamation, from cloth into which it had been woven.
Physical Properties.—Gold has a characteristic yellow colour, which is, however, notably affected by small quantities of other metals; thus the tint is sensibly lowered by small quantities of silver, and heightened by copper. When the gold is finely
