soon abandoned an academical career, and, after returning for a while to country life, retired to the small town of Gollub, where he devoted himself to literary studies. In 1847 he settled at Thorn, “the home of Copernicus,” where he died on the 12th of November 1870. Goltz is best known to literary fame by his Buch der Kindheit (Frankfort, 1847; 4th ed., Berlin, 1877), in which, after the style of Jean Paul, and Adalbert Stifter, but with a more modern realism, he gives a charming and idyllic description of the impressions of his own childhood. Among his other works must be noted Ein Jugendleben (1852); Der Mensch und die Leute (1858); Zur Charakteristik und Naturgeschichte der Frauen (1859); Zur Geschichte und Charakteristik des deutschen Genius (1864), and Die Weltklugheit und die Lebensweisheit (1869).
Goltz’s works have not been collected, but a selection will be found in Reclam’s Universalbibliothek (ed. by P. Stein, 1901 and 1906). See O. Roquette, Siebzig Jahre, i. (1894).
GOLTZ, COLMAR, Freiherr Von Der (1843–),
Prussian soldier and military writer, was born at Bielkenfeld,
East Prussia, on the 12th of August 1843, and entered the
Prussian infantry in 1861. In 1864 he entered the Berlin
Military Academy, but was temporarily withdrawn in 1866 to
serve in the Austrian war, in which he was wounded at Trautenau.
In 1867 he joined the topographical section of the general staff,
and at the beginning of the Franco-German War of 1870–71
was attached to the staff of Prince Frederick Charles. He took
part in the battles of Vionville and Gravelotte and in the siege
of Metz. After its fall he served under the Red Prince in the
campaign of the Loire, including the battles of Orleans and Le
Mans. He was appointed in 1871 professor at the military school
at Potsdam, and the same year was promoted captain and placed
in the historical section of the general staff. It was then he
wrote Die Operationen der II. Armee bis zur Capitulation von
Metz and Die Sieben Tage von Le Mans, both published in 1873.
In 1874 he was appointed to the staff of the 6th division, and
while so employed wrote Die Operationen der II. Armee an der
Loire and Léon Gambetta und seine Armeen, published in 1875
and 1877 respectively. The latter was translated into French
the same year, and both are impartially written. The views
expressed in the latter work led to his being sent back to regimental
duty for a time, but it was not long before he returned
to the military history section. In 1878 von der Goltz was
appointed lecturer in military history at the military academy
at Berlin, where he remained for five years and attained the rank
of major. He published, in 1883, Rossbach und Jena (new and
revised edition, Von Rossbach bis Jena und Auerstädt, 1906),
Das Volk in Waffen (English translation The Nation in Arms),
both of which quickly became military classics, and during his
residence in Berlin contributed many articles to the military
journals. In June 1883 his services were lent to Turkey to
reorganize the military establishments of the country. He spent
twelve years in this work, the result of which appeared in the
Greco-Turkish War of 1897, and he was made a pasha and in
1895 a mushir or field-marshal. On his return to Germany in
1896 he became a lieutenant-general and commander of the 5th
division, and in 1898, head of the Engineer and Pioneer Corps
and inspector-general of fortifications. In 1900 he was made
general of infantry and in 1902 commander of the I. army corps.
In 1907 he was made inspector-general of the newly created
sixth army inspection established at Berlin, and in 1908 was
given the rank of colonel-general (Generaloberst).
In addition to the works already named and frequent contributions to military periodical literature, he wrote Kriegführung (1895, later edition Krieg- und Heerführung, 1901; Eng. trans. The Conduct of War); Der thessalische Krieg (Berlin, 1898); Ein Ausflug nach Macedonien (1894); Anatolische Ausflüge (1896); a map and description of the environs of Constantinople; Von Jena bis Pr. Eylau (1907), a most important historical work, carrying on the story of Rossbach und Jena to the peace of Tilsit, &c.
GOLTZIUS, HENDRIK (1558–1617), Dutch painter and
engraver, was born in 1558 at Mülebrecht, in the duchy of
Jülich. After studying painting on glass for some years under
his father, he was taught the use of the burin by Dirk Volkertsz
Coornhert, a Dutch engraver of mediocre attainment, whom he
soon surpassed, but who retained his services for his own
advantage. He was also employed by Philip Galle to engrave a
set of prints of the history of Lucretia. At the age of twenty-one
he married a widow somewhat advanced in years, whose money
enabled him to establish at Haarlem an independent business;
but his unpleasant relations with her so affected his health that
he found it advisable in 1590 to make a tour through Germany
to Italy, where he acquired an intense admiration for the works
of Michelangelo, which led him to surpass that master in the
grotesqueness and extravagance of his designs. He returned
to Haarlem considerably improved in health, and laboured there
at his art till his death, on the 1st of January 1617. Goltzius
ought not to be judged chiefly by the works he valued most,
his eccentric imitations of Michelangelo. His portraits, though
mostly miniatures, are master-pieces of their kind, both on
account of their exquisite finish, and as fine studies of individual
character. Of his larger heads, the life-size portrait of himself
is probably the most striking example. His “master-pieces,”
so called from their being attempts to imitate the style of the
old masters, have perhaps been overpraised. In his command
of the burin Goltzius is not surpassed even by Dürer; but his
technical skill is often unequally aided by higher artistic qualities.
Even, however, his eccentricities and extravagances are greatly
counterbalanced by the beauty and freedom of his execution.
He began painting at the age of forty-two, but none of his
works in this branch of art—some of which are in the imperial
collection at Vienna—display any special excellences. He
also executed a few pieces in chiaroscuro.
His prints amount to more than 300 plates, and are fully described in Bartsch’s Peintre-graveur, and Weigel’s supplement to the same work.
GOLUCHOWSKI, AGENOR, Count (1849–), Austrian statesman, was born on the 25th of March 1849. His father, descended from an old and noble Polish family, was governor of Galicia. Entering the diplomatic service, the son was in 1872 appointed attaché to the Austrian embassy at Berlin, where he became secretary of legation, and thence he was transferred to Paris. After rising to the rank of counsellor of legation, he was in 1887 made minister at Bucharest, where he remained till 1893. In these positions he acquired a great reputation as a firm and skilful diplomatist, and on the retirement of Count Kalnoky in May 1895 was chosen to succeed him as Austro-Hungarian minister for foreign affairs. The appointment of a Pole caused some surprise in view of the importance of Austrian relations with Russia (then rather strained) and Germany, but the choice was justified by events. In his speech of that year to the delegations he declared the maintenance of the Triple Alliance, and in particular the closest intimacy with Germany, to be the keystone of Austrian policy; at the same time he dwelt on the traditional friendship between Austria and Great Britain, and expressed his desire for a good understanding with all the powers. In pursuance of this policy he effected an understanding with Russia, by which neither power was to exert any separate influence in the Balkan peninsula, and thus removed a long-standing cause of friction. This understanding was formally ratified during a visit to St Petersburg on which he accompanied the emperor in April 1897. He took the lead in establishing the European concert during the Armenian troubles of 1896, and again resisted isolated action on the part of any of the great powers during the Cretan troubles and the Greco-Turkish War. In November 1897, when the Austro-Hungarian flag was insulted at Mersina, he threatened to bombard the town if instant reparation were not made, and by his firm attitude greatly enhanced Austrian prestige in the East. In his speech to the delegations in 1898 he dwelt on the necessity of expanding Austria’s mercantile marine, and of raising the fleet to a strength which, while not vying with the fleets of the great naval powers, would ensure respect for the Austrian flag wherever her interests needed protection. He also hinted at the necessity for European combination to resist American competition. The understanding with Russia in the matter of the Balkan States temporarily endangered friendly relations with Italy,
