and Stair to Germany, and, as a general officer of cavalry under Sir John Cope, was present at Dettingen. Becoming lieut.-general somewhat later, he was second-in-command of the cavalry at Fontenoy, and on the 20th of December 1745 became commander-in-chief in Scotland. Less than a month later Hawley suffered a severe defeat at Falkirk at the hands of the Highland insurgents. This, however, did not cost him his command, for the duke of Cumberland, who was soon afterwards sent north, was captain-general. Under Cumberland’s orders Hawley led the cavalry in the campaign of Culloden, and at that battle his dragoons distinguished themselves by their ruthless butchery of the fugitive rebels. After the end of the “Forty-Five” he accompanied Cumberland to the Low Countries and led the allied cavalry at Lauffeld (Val). He ended his career as governor of Portsmouth and died at that place in 1759. James Wolfe, his brigade-major, wrote of General Hawley in no flattering terms. “The troops dread his severity, hate the man and hold his military knowledge in contempt,” he wrote. But, whether it be true or false that he was the natural son of George II., Hawley was always treated with the greatest favour by that king and by his son the duke of Cumberland.
HAWLEY, JOSEPH ROSWELL (1826–1905), American
political leader, was born on the 31st of October at Stewartsville,
Richmond county, North Carolina, where his father, a native of
Connecticut, was pastor of a Baptist church. The father returned
to Connecticut in 1837 and the son graduated at Hamilton
College (Clinton, N.Y.) in 1847. He was admitted to the bar in
1850, and practised at Hartford, Conn., for six years. An ardent
opponent of slavery, he became a Free Soiler, was a delegate
to the National Convention which nominated John P. Hale
for the presidency in 1852, and subsequently served as chairman
of the State Committee, having at the same time editorial control
of the Charter Oak, the party organ. In 1856 he took a leading
part in organizing the Republican party in Connecticut, and
in 1857 became editor of the Hartford Evening Press, a newly
established Republican newspaper. He served in the Federal
army throughout the Civil War, rising from the rank of captain
(April 22, 1861) to that of brigadier-general of volunteers (Sept.
1864); took part in the Port Royal Expedition, in the capture
of Fort Pulaski (April 1862), in the siege of Charleston and the
capture of Fort Wagner (Sept. 1863), in the battle of Olustee
(Feb. 20, 1864), in the siege operations about Petersburg, and
in General W. T. Sherman’s campaign in the Carolinas; and
in September 1865 received the brevet of major-general of
volunteers. From April 1866 to April 1867 he was governor
of Connecticut, and in 1867 he bought the Hartford Courant,
with which he combined the Press, and which became under his
editorship the most influential newspaper in Connecticut and
one of the leading Republican papers in the country. He was
the permanent chairman of the Republican National Convention
in 1868, was a delegate to the conventions of 1872, 1876 and
1880, was a member of Congress from December 1872 until
March 1875 and again in 1879–1881, and was a United States
senator from 1881 until the 3rd of March 1905, being one of the
Republican leaders both in the House and the Senate. From
1873 to 1876 he was president of the United States Centennial
Commission, the great success of the Centennial Exhibition
being largely due to him. He died at Washington, D.C., on the
17th of March 1905.
HAWORTH, an urban district in the Keighley parliamentary
division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 10 m. N.W.
of Bradford, on a branch of the Midland railway. Pop. (1901),
7492. It is picturesquely situated on a steep slope, lying high,
and surrounded by moorland. The Rev. Patrick Brontë (d. 1861)
was incumbent here for forty-one years, and a memorial near
the west window of St Michael’s church bears his name and the
names of his gifted daughters upon it. The grave of Charlotte
and Emily Brontë is also marked by a brass. In 1895 a museum
was opened by the Brontë society. There is a large worsted
industry.
HAWSER (in sense and form as if from “hawse,” which,
from the 16th-century form halse, is derived from Teutonic
hals, neck, of which there is a Scandinavian use in the sense of
the forepart of a ship; the two words are not etymologically
connected; “hawser” is from an O. Fr. haucier, hausser, to
raise, tow, hoist, from the Late Lat. altiare, to lift, altus, high),
a small cable or thick rope used at sea for the purposes of mooring
or warping, in the case of large vessels made of steel. When a
cable or tow line is made of three or more small ropes it is said
to be “hawser-laid.” The “hawse” of a ship is that part of the
bows where the “hawse-holes” are made. These are two holes
cut in the bows of a vessel for the cables to pass through, having
small cast-iron pipes, called “hawse-pipes,” fitted into them to
prevent abrasion. In bad weather at sea these holes are plugged
up with “hawse-plugs” to prevent the water entering. The
phrase to enter the service by the “hawse-holes” is used of
those who have risen from before the mast to commissioned
rank in the navy. When the ship is at anchor the space between
her head and the anchor is called “hawse,” as in the phrase
“athwart the hawse.” The term also applies to the position
of the ship’s anchors when moored; when they are laid out in a
line at right angles to the wind it is said to be moored with an
“open hawse”; when both cables are laid out straight to their
anchors without crossing, it is a “clear hawse.”
HAWTHORN, a city of Bourke county, Victoria, Australia,
412 m. by rail E. of and suburban to Melbourne. Pop. (1901),
21,339. It is the seat of the important Methodist Ladies’
College. The majority of the inhabitants are professional and
business men engaged in Melbourne and their residences are
numerous at Hawthorn.
HAWTHORN (O. Eng. haga-, hæg-, or hege-thorn, i.e. “hedge-thorn”),
the common name for Crataegus, in botany, a genus
of shrubs or small trees belonging to the natural order Rosaceae,
native of the north temperate regions, especially America. It
is represented in the British Isles by the hawthorn, white-thorn
or may (Ger. Hagedorn and Christdorn; Fr. aubépine), C.
Oxyacantha, a small, round-headed, much-branched tree, 10 to
20 ft. high, the branches often ending in single sharp spines.
The leaves, which are deeply cut, are 1 to 2 in. long and very
variable in shape. The flowers are sweet-scented, in flat-topped
clusters, and 12 to 34 in. in diameter, with five spreading white
petals alternating with five persistent green sepals, a large
number of stamens with pinkish-brown anthers, and one to three
carpels sunk in the cup-shaped floral axis. The fruit, or haw,
as in the apple, consists of the swollen floral axis, which is usually
scarlet, and forms a fleshy envelope surrounding the hard stone.
The common hawthorn is a native of Europe as far north as 6012° in Sweden, and of North Africa, western Asia and Siberia, and has been naturalized in North America and Australia. It thrives best in dry soils, and in height varies from 4 or 5 to 12, 15 or, in exceptional cases, as much as between 20 and 30 ft. It may be propagated from seed or from cuttings. The seeds must be from ripe fruit, and if fresh gathered should be freed from pulp by maceration in water. They germinate only in the second year after sowing; in the course of their first year the seedlings attain a height of 6 to 12 in. Hawthorn has been for many centuries a favourite park and hedge plant in Europe, and numerous varieties have been developed by cultivation; these differ in the form of the leaf, the white, pink or red, single or double flowers, and the yellow, orange or red fruit. In England the hawthorn, owing to its hardiness and closeness of growth, has been employed for enclosure of land since the Roman occupation, but for ordinary field hedges it is believed it was generally in use till about the end of the 17th century. James I. of Scotland, in his Quair, ii. 14 (early 15th century), mentions the “hawthorn hedges knet” of Windsor Castle. The first hawthorn hedges in Scotland are said to have been planted by soldiers of Cromwell at Inch Buckling Brae in East Lothian and Finlarig in Perthshire. Annual pruning, to which the hawthorn is particularly amenable, is necessary if the hedge is to maintain its compactness and sturdiness. When the lower part shows a tendency to go bare the strong stems may be “plashed,” i.e. split, bent over and pegged to the ground so that new growths may start. The wood of the hawthorn is white in colour, with
