sugar. Good hay should come out green and with the odour of coumarin—to which is due the scent of new-mown hay. Only part of a stack can ever attain to a perfect state: the tops, bottom and outsides are generally wasted by the weather after stacking, while there may be three or four intermediate qualities present. In some markets hay that has been sweated till it is brown in colour is desired, but for general purposes green hay is the best.
Hay often becomes musty when the weather during “making” has been too wet to allow of its getting sufficiently dry for stacking. Mustiness is caused by the growth of various moulds (Penicillium, Aspergillus, &c.) on the damp stems, with the result that the hay when cut out for use is dusty and shows white streaks and spots. Such hay is inferior to that which has been overheated, and in practice it is found that a strong heating will prevent mouldiness by killing the fungi.
Heavy lush crops—especially those containing a large proportion of clover or other leguminous plants—are proportionately more difficult to “make” than light grassy ones. Thus, if one ton is taken as a fair yield off one acre, a two-ton crop will probably require four times as much work in curing as the smaller crop. In the treacherous climate of Great Britain hay is frequently spoiled because the weather does not hold good long enough to permit of its being properly “made.” Consequently many experienced haymakers regard a moderate crop as the more profitable because it can be stacked in first-class condition, whereas a heavy crop forced by “high farming” is grown at a loss, owing to the weather waste and the heavier expenses involved in securing it.
In handling or marketing out of the stack hay may be transported loose on a cart or wagon, but it is more usual to truss or bale it. A truss is a rectangular block cut out of the solid stack, usually about 3 ft. long and 2 ft. wide, and of a thickness sufficient to give a weight of 56 ℔: thirty-six of these constitute a “load” of 18 cwt.—the unit of sale in many markets. A truss is generally bound with two bands of twisted straw, but if it has to undergo much handling it is compressed in a hay-press and tied with two string bands. In some districts a baler is used: a square box with a compressible lid. The hay is tumbled in loose, the lid forced down by a leverage arrangement and the bale tied by three strings. It is usually made to weigh from 1 to 112 cwt. The customs of different markets vary very much in their methods of handling hay, and in the overseas hay trade the size and style of the trusses or bales are adapted for packing on ship-board.
HAYASHI, TADASU, Count (1850– ), Japanese statesman,
was born in Tōkyō (then Yedo), and was one of the first
batch of students sent by the Tokugawa government to study
in England. He returned on the eve of the abolition of the
Shōgunate, and followed Enomoto (q.v.) when the latter, sailing
with the Tokugawa fleet to Yezo, attempted to establish a
republic there in defiance of the newly organized government of
the emperor. Thrown into prison on account of this affair,
Hayashi did not obtain office until 1871. Thereafter he rose
rapidly, until, after a long period of service as vice-minister of
foreign affairs, he was appointed to represent his country first
in Peking, then in St Petersburg and finally in London, where
he acted an important part in negotiating the first Anglo-Japanese
Alliance, for which service he received the title of
viscount. He remained in London throughout the Russo-Japanese
War, and was the first Japanese ambassador at the
court of St James after the war. Returning to Tōkyō in 1906
to take the portfolio of foreign affairs, he remained in office
until the resignation of the Saionji cabinet in 1908. He was raised
to the rank of count for eminent services performed during the
war between his country and Russia, and in connexion with
the second Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1905.
HAYDEN, FERDINAND VANDEVEER (1829–1887), American
geologist, was born at Westfield, Massachusetts, on the 7th of
September 1829. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1850 and
from the Albany Medical College in 1853, where he attracted
the notice of Professor James Hall, state geologist of New York,
through whose influence he was induced to join in an exploration
of Nebraska. In 1856 he was engaged under the United States
government, and commenced a series of investigations of the
Western Territories, one result of which was his Geological
Report of the Exploration of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers
in 1859–1860 (1869). During the Civil War he was actively
employed as an army surgeon. In 1867 he was appointed
geologist-in-charge of the United States Geological and Geographical
Survey of the Territories, and from his twelve years
of labour there resulted a most valuable series of volumes in all
branches of natural history and economic science; and he issued
in 1877 his Geological and Geographical Atlas of Colorado. Upon
the reorganization and establishment of the United States
Geological Survey in 1879 he acted for seven years as one of the
geologists. He died at Philadelphia on the 22nd of December
1887.
His other publications were: Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery (1870); The Yellowstone National Park, illustrated by chromolithographic reproductions of water-colour sketches by Thomas Moran (1876); The Great West: its Attractions and Resources (1880). With F. B. Meek, he wrote (Smithsonian Institution Contributions, v. 14. Art. 4) “Palaeontology of the Upper Missouri, Pt. 1, Invertebrate.” His valuable notes on Indian dialects are in The Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (1862), in The American Journal of Science (1862) and in The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1869). With A. R. C. Selwyn he wrote North America (1883) for Stanford’s Compendium.
HAYDN, FRANZ JOSEPH (1732–1809), Austrian composer,
was born on the 31st of March 1732 at Rohrau (Trstnik), a village
on the borders of Lower Austria and Hungary. There is sufficient
evidence that his family was of Croatian stock: a fact which
throws light upon the distinctively Slavonic character of much
of his music. He received the first rudiments of education from
his father, a wheelwright with twelve children, and at an early
age evinced a decided musical talent. This attracted the attention
of a distant relative named Johann Mathias Frankh, who
was schoolmaster in the neighbouring town of Hainburg, and
who, in 1738, took the child and for the next two years trained
him as a chorister. In 1740, on the recommendation of the Dean
of Hainburg, Haydn obtained a place in the cathedral choir of
St Stephen’s, Vienna, where he took the solo-part in the services
and received, at the choir school, some further instruction on
the violin and the harpsichord. In 1749 his voice broke, and the
director, Georg von Reutter, took the occasion of a boyish
escapade to turn him into the streets. A few friends lent him
money and found him pupils, and in this way he was enabled to
enter upon a rigorous course of study (he is said to have worked
for sixteen hours a day), partly devoted to Fux’s treatise on
counterpoint, partly to the “Friedrich” and “Württemberg”
sonatas of C. P. E. Bach, from which he gained his earliest
acquaintance with the principles of musical structure. The
first fruits of his work were a comic opera, Der neue krumme
Teufel, and a Mass in F major (both written in 1751), the
former of which was produced with success. About the same
time he made the acquaintance of Metastasio, who was lodging
in the same house, and who introduced him to one or two patrons;
among others Señor Martinez, to whose daughter he gave lessons,
and Porpora, who, in 1753, took him for the summer to Männersdorf,
and there gave him instruction in singing and in the Italian
language.
The turning-point of his career came in 1755, when he accepted an invitation to the country-house of Freiherr von Fürnberg, an accomplished amateur who was in the habit of collecting parties of musicians for the performance of chamber-works. Here Haydn wrote, in rapid succession, eighteen divertimenti which include his first symphony and his first quartet; the two earliest examples of the forms with which his name is most closely associated. Thenceforward his prospects improved. On his return to Vienna in 1756 he became famous as teacher and composer, in 1759 he was appointed conductor to the private band of Count Morzin, for whom he wrote several orchestral works (including a symphony in D major erroneously called his first), and in 1760 he was promoted to the sub-directorship of Prince Paul Esterhazy’s Kapelle, at that time the best in Austria. During the tenure of his appointment with Count Morzin he married the daughter of a Viennese hairdresser named Keller, who had befriended him in his days of poverty, but the
