and several schools. Its industrial establishments include cotton, woollen, tobacco, machinery and chemical factories, bleach-works, dye-works and breweries, and corn and cattle markets. The town, which received municipal privileges in 1356, is overlooked by the ruins of the castle of Hellenstein, standing on a hill 1985 ft. high. Heidenheim is also the name of a small place in Bavaria famous on account of the Benedictine abbey which formerly stood therein. Founded in 748 by Wilibald, bishop of Eichstätt, this was plundered by the peasantry in 1525 and was closed in 1537.
HEIFER, a young cow that has not calved. The O. Eng. heahfore
or heafru, from which the word is derived, is of obscure origin.
It is found in Bede’s History (A.D. 900) as heahfore, and has
passed through many forms. It is possibly derived from heah,
high, and faren (fare), to go, meaning “high-stepper.” It has
also been suggested that the derivation is from hea, a stall, and
fore, a cow.
HEIGEL, KARL AUGUST VON (1835–1905), German novelist,
was born, the son of a régisseur or stage-manager of the court
theatre, on the 25th of March 1835 at Munich. In this city he
received his early schooling and studied (1854–1858) philosophy
at the university. He was then appointed librarian to Prince
Heinrich zu Carolath-Beuthen in Lower Silesia, and accompanied
the nephew of the prince on travels. In 1863 he settled in Berlin,
where from 1865 to 1875 he was engaged in journalism. He
next resided at Munich, employed in literary work for the king,
Ludwig II., who in 1881 conferred upon him a title of nobility.
On the death of the king in 1886 he removed to Riva on the
Lago di Garda, where he died on the 6th of September 1905.
Karl von Heigel attained some popularity with his novels:
Wohin? (1873), Die Dame ohne Herz (1873), Das Geheimnis
des Königs (1891), Der Roman einer Stadt (1898), Der Maharadschah
(1900), Die nervöse Frau (1900), Die neuen Heiligen
(1901), and Brömels Glück und Ende (1902). He also wrote
some plays, notably Josephine Bonaparte (1892) and Die Zarin
(1883); and several collections of short stories, Neue Erzählungen
(1876), Neueste Novellen (1878), and Heitere Erzählungen
(1893).
HEIJERMANS, HERMANN (1864– ) , Dutch writer, of
Jewish origin, was born on the 3rd of December 1864 at Rotterdam.
In the Amsterdam Handelsblad he published a series of
sketches of Jewish family life under the pseudonym of “Samuel
Falkland,” which were collected in volume form. His novels
and tales include Trinette (1892), Fles (1893), Kamertjeszonde
(2 vols., 1896), Intérieurs (1897), Diamantstadt (2 vols., 1903).
He created great interest by his play Op Hoop van Zegen (1900),
represented at the Théâtre Antoine in Paris, and in English by
the Stage Society as The Good Hope. His other plays are:
Dora Kremer (1893), Ghetto (1898), Het zevende Gebot (1899),
Het Pantser (1901), Ora et labora (1901), and numerous one-act
pieces. A Case of Arson, an English version of the one-act play
Brand in de Jonge Jan, was notable for the impersonation (1904
and 1905) by Henri de Vries of all the seven witnesses who appear
as characters.
HEILBRONN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Württemberg,
situated in a pleasant and fruitful valley on the Neckar,
33 m. by rail N. of Stuttgart, and at the junction of lines to
Jagdsfeld, Crailsheim and Eppingen. Pop. (1905), 40,026. In
the older part of the town the streets are narrow, and contain
a number of high turreted houses with quaintly adorned gables.
The old fortifications have now been demolished, and their site
is occupied by promenades, outside of which are the more modern
parts of the town with wide streets and many handsome buildings.
The principal public buildings are the church of St Kilian
(restored 1886–1895) in the Gothic and Renaissance styles, begun
about 1019 and completed in 1529, with an elegant tower 210 ft.
high, a beautiful choir, and a finely carved altar; the town hall
(Rathaus), founded in 1540, and possessing a curious clock made
in 1580, and a collection of interesting letters and other documents;
the house of the Teutonic knights (Deutsches Haus),
now used as a court of law; the Roman Catholic church of St
Joseph, formerly the church of the Teutonic Order; the tower
(Diebsturm or Götzens Turm) on the Neckar, in which Götz
von Berlichingen was confined in 1519; a fine synagogue; an
historical museum and several monuments, among them those
to the emperors William I. and Frederick I., to Bismarck, to
Schiller and to Robert von Mayer (1814–1878), a native of the
town, famous for his discoveries concerning heat. The educational
establishments include a gymnasium, a commercial school
and an agricultural academy. The town in a commercial point
of view is the most important in Württemberg, and possesses
an immense variety of manufactures, of which the principal are
gold, silver, steel and iron wares, machines, sugar of lead, white
lead, vinegar, beer, sugar, tobacco, soap, oil, cement, chemicals,
artificial manure, glue, soda, tapestry, paper and cloth. Grapes,
fruit, vegetables and flowering shrubs are largely grown in the
neighbourhood, and there are large quarries for sandstone and
gypsum and extensive salt-works. By means of the Neckar
a considerable trade is carried on in wood, bark, leather,
agricultural produce, fruit and cattle.
Heilbronn occupies the site of an old Roman settlement; it is first mentioned in 741, and the Carolingian princes had a palace here. It owes its name—originally Heiligbronn, or holy spring—to a spring of water which until 1857 was to be seen issuing from under the high altar of the church of St Kilian. Heilbronn obtained privileges from Henry IV. and from Rudolph I. and became a free imperial city in 1360. It was frequently besieged during the middle ages, and it suffered greatly during the Peasants’ War, the Thirty Years’ War, and the various wars with France. In April 1633 a convention was entered into here between Oxenstierna, the Swabian and Frankish estates and the French, English and Dutch ambassadors, as a result of which the Heilbronn treaty, for the prosecution of the Thirty Years’ War, was concluded. In 1802 Heilbronn was annexed by Württemberg.
See Jäger, Geschichte von Heilbronn (Heilbronn, 1828); Kuttler, Heilbronn, seine Umgebungen und seine Geschichte (Heilbronn, 1859); Dürr, Heilbronner Chronik (Halle, 1896); Schliz, Die Entstehung der Stadtgemeinde Heilbronn (Leipzig, 1903); and A. Küsel, Der Heilbrunner Konvent (Halle, 1878).
HEILIGENSTADT, a town of Germany, in Prussian Saxony,
on the Leine, 32 m. E.N.E. of Cassel, on the railway to Halle.
Pop. (1905), 7955. It possesses an old castle, formerly belonging
to the electors of Mainz, one Evangelical and two Roman
Catholic churches, several educational establishments, and an
infirmary. The principal manufactures are cotton goods,
cigars, paper, cement and needles. Heiligenstadt is said to have
been built by the Frankish king Dagobert and was formerly
the capital of the principality of Eichsfeld. In 1022 it was
acquired by the archbishop of Mainz, and in 1103 it came into
the possession of Henry the Proud, duke of Saxony, but when his
son Henry the Lion was placed under the ban of the Empire, it
again came to Mainz. It was destroyed by fire in 1333, and was
captured in 1525 by Duke Henry of Brunswick. In 1803 it
came into possession of Prussia. The Jesuits had a celebrated
college here from 1581 to 1773.
HEILSBERG, a town of Germany, in the province of East
Prussia, at the junction of the Simser and Alle, 38 m. S. of
Königsberg. Pop. (1905), 6042. It has an Evangelical and a
Roman Catholic church, and an old castle formerly the seat of
the prince-bishops of Ermeland, but now used as an infirmary.
The principal industries are tanning, dyeing and brewing, and
there is considerable trade in grain. The castle founded at
Heilsberg by the Teutonic order in 1240 became in 1306 the seat
of the bishops of Ermeland, an honour which it retained for
500 years. On the 10th of June 1807 a battle took place at
Heilsberg between the French under Soult and Murat, and the
Russians and Prussians under Bennigsen.
HEILSBRONN (or Kloster-Heilsbronn), a village of
Germany, in the Bavarian province of Middle Franconia, with
a station on the railway between Nuremberg and Ansbach, has
1200 inhabitants. In the middle ages it was the seat of one of
the great monasteries of Germany. This foundation, which
belonged to the Cistercian order, owed its origin to Bishop Otto
