are given with each chapter. A Revue Henri IV has been founded
at Paris (1905). Finally, a complete survey of the sources for the
period 1494–1610 is given by Henri Hauser in vol. vii. of Sources de
l’histoire de France (Paris, 1906) in continuation of A. Molinier’s
collection of the sources for French history during the middle
ages.
HENRY I. (c. 1210–1274), surnamed le Gros, king of Navarre
and count of Champagne, was the youngest son of Theobald I.
king of Navarre by Margaret of Foix, and succeeded his eldest
brother Theobald III. as king of Navarre and count of Champagne
in December 1270. His proclamation at Pamplona, however,
did not take place till March of the following year, and his
coronation was delayed until May 1273. After a brief reign,
characterized, it is said, by dignity and talent, he died in July
1274, suffocated, according to the generally received accounts, by
his own fat. In him the male line of the counts of Champagne
and kings of Navarre, became extinct. He married in 1269
Blanche, daughter of Robert, count of Artois, and niece of King
Louis IX. and was succeeded by his only legitimate child, Jeanne
or Joanna, by whose marriage to Philip IV. afterwards king of
France in 1284, the crown of Navarre became united to that of
France.
HENRY II. (1503–1555), titular king of Navarre, was the
eldest son of Jean d’Albret (d. 1516) by his wife Catherine de
Foix, sister and heiress of Francis Phoebus, king of Navarre,
and was born at Sanquesa in April 1503. When Catherine died
in exile in 1517 Henry succeeded her in her claim on Navarre,
which was disputed by Ferdinand I. king of Spain; and under
the protection of Francis I. of France he assumed the title of
king. After ineffectual conferences at Noyon in 1516 and at
Montpellier in 1518, an active effort was made in 1521 to establish
him in the de facto sovereignty; but the French troops which
had seized the country were ultimately expelled by the Spaniards.
In 1525 Henry was taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia, but
he contrived to escape, and in 1526 married Margaret, the sister
of Francis I. and widow of Charles, duke of Alençon. By her
he was the father of Jeanne d’Albret (d. 1572), and was consequently
the grandfather of Henry IV. of France. Henry, who
had some sympathy with the Huguenots, died at Pau on the
25th of May 1555.
HENRY I. (1512–1580), king of Portugal, third son of Emanuel
the Fortunate, was born in Lisbon, on the 31st of January 1512.
He was destined for the church, and in 1532 was raised to the
archiepiscopal see of Braga. In 1542 he received the cardinal’s
hat, and in 1578 when he was called to succeed his grandnephew
Sebastian on the throne, he held the archbishoprics of Lisbon
and Coimbra as well as that of Braga, in addition to the wealthy
abbacy of Alcobazar. As an ecclesiastic he was pious, pure,
simple in his mode of life, charitable, and a learned and liberal
patron of letters; but as a sovereign he proved weak, timid
and incapable. On his death in 1580, after a brief reign of
seventeen months, the male line of the royal family which traced
its descent from Henry, first count of Portugal (c. 1100), came
to an end; and all attempts to fix the succession during his
lifetime having ignominiously failed, Portugal became an easy
prey to Philip II. of Spain.
HENRY II. (1489–1568), duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel,
was a son of Duke Henry I., and was born on the 10th of November
1489. He began to reign in 1514, but his brother William
objected to the indivisibility of the duchy which had been
decreed by the elder Henry, and it was only in 1535, after an imprisonment
of eleven years, that William recognized his brother’s
title. Sharing in an attack on John, bishop of Hildesheim,
Henry was defeated at the battle of Soltau in June 1519, but
afterwards he was more successful, and when peace was made
received some lands from the bishop. In 1525 he assisted
Philip, landgrave of Hesse, to crush the rising of the peasants
in north Germany, and in 1528 took help to Charles V. in Italy,
where he narrowly escaped capture. As a pronounced opponent
of the reformed doctrines, he joined the Catholic princes in
concerting measures for defence at Dessau and elsewhere, but
on the other hand promised Philip of Hesse to aid him in restoring
his own brother-in-law Ulrich, duke of Württemberg, to his
duchy. However he gave no assistance when this enterprise
was undertaken in 1534, and subsequently the hostility between
Philip and himself was very marked. Henry was attacked
by Luther with unmeasured violence in a writing Wider Hans
Worst; but more serious was his isolation in north Germany.
The duke soon came into collision with the Protestant towns of
Goslar and Brunswick, against the former of which a sentence
of restitution had been pronounced by the imperial court of
justice (Reichskammergericht). To conciliate the Protestants
Charles V. had suspended the execution of this sentence, a
proceeding which Henry declared was ultra vires. The league
of Schmalkalden, led by Philip of Hesse and John Frederick,
elector of Saxony, then took up arms to defend the towns; and
in 1542 Brunswick was overrun and the duke forced to flee. In
September 1545 he made an attempt to regain his duchy, but
was taken prisoner by Philip, and only released after the victory
of Charles V. at Mühlberg in April 1547. Returning to Brunswick,
where he was very unpopular, he soon quarrelled with his subjects
both on political and religious questions, while his duchy was
ravaged by Albert Alcibiades, prince of Bayreuth. Henry was
among the princes who banded themselves together to crush
Albert, and after the death of Maurice, elector of Saxony, at
Sievershausen in July 1553, he took command of the allied troops
and defeated Albert in two engagements. In his later years
he became more tolerant, and was reconciled with his Protestant
subjects. He died at Wolfenbüttel on the 11th of June 1568.
The duke was twice married, firstly in 1515 to Maria (d. 1541),
sister of Ulrich of Württemberg, and secondly in 1556 to Sophia
(d. 1575) daughter of Sigismund I., king of Poland. He attained
some notoriety through his romantic attachment to Eva von
Trott, whom he represented as dead and afterwards kept concealed
at Staufenburg. Henry was succeeded by his only
surviving son, Julius (1528–1589).
See F. Koldewey, Heinz von Wolfenbüttel (Halle, 1883); and F. Bruns, Die Vertreibung Herzog Heinrichs von Braunschweig durch den Schmalkaldischen Bund (Marburg, 1889).
HENRY (c. 1108–1139), surnamed the “Proud,” duke of
Saxony and Bavaria, second son of Henry the Black, duke
of Bavaria, and Wulfhild, daughter of Magnus Billung, duke of
Saxony, was a member of the Welf family. His father and
mother both died in 1126, and as his elder brother Conrad had
entered the church, Henry became duke of Bavaria and shared
the family possessions in Saxony, Bavaria and Swabia with his
younger brother, Welf. At Whitsuntide 1127 he was married
to Gertrude, the only child of the German king, Lothair the
Saxon, and at once took part in the warfare between the king
and the Hohenstaufen brothers, Frederick II., duke of Swabia,
and Conrad, afterwards the German king Conrad III. While
engaged in this struggle Henry was also occupied in suppressing
a rising in Bavaria, led by Frederick, count of Bogen, during
which both duke and count sought to establish their own candidates
in the bishopric of Regensburg. After a war of devastation,
Frederick submitted in 1133, and two years later the Hohenstaufen
brothers made their peace with Lothair. In 1136
Henry accompanied his father-in-law to Italy, and taking
command of one division of the German army marched into
southern Italy, devastating the land as he went. It was probably
about this time that he was invested with the margraviate of
Tuscany and the lands of Matilda, the late margravine. Having
distinguished himself by his military genius during this campaign
Henry left Italy with the German troops, and was appointed
by the emperor as his successor in the dukedom of Saxony.
When Lothair died in December 1137 Henry’s wealth and position
made him a formidable candidate for the German throne; but
the same qualities which earned for him the surname of “Proud,”
aroused the jealousy of the princes, and so prevented his election.
The new king, Conrad III., demanded the imperial insignia
which were in Henry’s possession, and the duke in return asked
for his investiture with the Saxon duchy. But Conrad, who
feared his power, refused to assent to this on the pretext that
it was unlawful for two duchies to be in one hand. Attempts
at a settlement failed, and in July 1138 the duke was placed
