Voyage Round the World, pp. 97-98 (1907 ed.); W. L. Distant,
A Naturalist in the Transvaal, ch. iii. (1892); Marshall Hall,
“Hibernation,” in Todd’s Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology,
pp. 764-776 (1839) (Bibliography); Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.
(1832); John Hunter, Observations on parts of the Animal Economy
(1837); Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s
Office of the U.S. Army, vii. (1902), Bibliography relating to physiology
of Hibernation; W. Kirby and W. Spence, An Introduction
to Entomology, ed. 17, pp. 517-533 (1856); L. Landois, A Text-book
of Human Physiology, translated by W. Stirling, i. 410 (1904);
V. Laporte, “Suspension of Vitality in Animals,” Pop. Sci. Monthly,
xxxvi. 257-259 (New York, 1889–1890); Mangili, “Essai sur la
léthargie périodique,” Annales du Muséum, x. 453-456 (1807);
C. Hart Merriam, North American Pocket Mice (Washington,
1889); W. Miller, “Hibernation and Allied States in Animals,”
Trans. Pan-Amer. Med. Congr. (1893), pt. ii. pp. 1274-1285
(Washington, 1895); M. S. Pembrey and A. G. Pitts, “The Relation
between the Internal Temperature and the Respiratory Movements
of Hibernating Animals,” Journ. Physiol. (London, 1899), pp. 305-316;
Prunelle, “Recherches sur les phénomènes et sur les causes du
sommeil hivernal,” Annales du Muséum, xviii.; J. A. Saissy,
Recherches sur les animaux hivernans (1808); L. Spallanzani,
Mémoires sur la respiration (1803); J. Emerson Tennent, Sketches
of the Natural History of Ceylon, pp. 351-358 (1861); Volkov, “Le
Sommeil hivernal chez les paysans russes,” Bull. Mem. Soc. Anthropol.
(Paris, 1900), i. 67; abstract in Brit. Med. Journ. (1900), i.
1554.
(R. I. P.)
HIBERNIA, in ancient geography, one of the names by which
Ireland was known to Greek and Roman writers. Other names
were Ierne, Iuverna, Iberio. All these are adaptations of a stem
from which also Erin is descended. The island was well known
to the Romans through the reports of traders, so far at least as
its coasts. But it never became part of the Roman empire.
Agricola (about A.D. 80) planned its conquest, which he judged
an easy task, but the Roman government vetoed the enterprise.
During the Roman occupation of Britain, Irish pirates seem to
have been an intermittent nuisance, and Irish emigrants may
have settled occasionally in Wales; the best attested emigration
is that of the Scots into Caledonia. It was only in post-Roman
days that Roman civilization, brought perhaps by Christian
missionaries like Patrick, entered the island.
HICKERINGILL (or Hickhorngill), EDMUND (1631–1708),
English divine, lived an eventful life in the days of the Commonwealth
and the Restoration. After graduating at Caius College,
Cambridge, where he was junior fellow in 1651–1652, he joined
Lilburne’s regiment as chaplain, and afterwards served in the
ranks in Scotland and in the Swedish service, ultimately becoming
a captain in Fleetwood’s regiment. He then lived for a time in
Jamaica, of which he published an account in 1661. In the same
year he was ordained by Robert Sanderson, bishop of Lincoln,
having already passed through such shades of belief as are
connoted by the terms Baptist, Quaker and Deist. From 1662
until his death in 1708 he was vicar of All Saints’, Colchester.
He was a vigorous pamphleteer, and came into collision with
Henry Compton, bishop of London, to whom he had to pay heavy
damages for slander in 1682. He made a public recantation in
1684, was excluded from his living in 1685–1688, and ended his
career by being convicted for forgery in 1707.
HICKES, GEORGE (1642–1715), English divine and scholar,
was born at Newsham near Thirsk, Yorkshire, on the 20th of
June 1642. In 1659 he entered St John’s College, Oxford,
whence after the Restoration he removed to Magdalen College
and then to Magdalen Hall. In 1664 he was elected
fellow of Lincoln College, and in the following year proceeded
M.A. In 1673 he graduated in divinity, and in 1675 he was
appointed rector of St Ebbe’s, Oxford. In 1676, as private
chaplain, he accompanied the duke of Lauderdale, the royal
commissioner, to Scotland, and shortly afterwards received the
degree of D.D. from St Andrews. In 1680 he became vicar of
All Hallows, Barking, London; and after having been made
chaplain to the king in 1681, he was in 1683 promoted to the
deanery of Worcester. He opposed both James II.’s declaration
of indulgence and Monmouth’s rising, and he tried in vain to save
from death his nonconformist brother John Hickes (1633–1685),
one of the Sedgemoor refugees harboured by Alice Lisle. At the
revolution of 1688, having declined to take the oath of allegiance,
Hickes was first suspended and afterwards deprived of his
deanery. When he heard of the appointment of a successor
he affixed to the cathedral doors a “protestation and claim of
right.” After remaining some time in concealment in London,
he was sent by Sancroft and the other nonjurors to James II. in
France on matters connected with the continuance of their
episcopal succession; upon his return in 1694 he was himself
consecrated suffragan bishop of Thetford. His later years were
largely occupied in controversies and in writing, while in 1713 he
persuaded two Scottish bishops, James Gadderar and Archibald
Campbell, to assist him in consecrating Jeremy Collier, Samuel
Hawes and Nathaniel Spinckes as bishops among the nonjurors.
He died on the 15th of December 1715.
The chief writings of Hickes are the Institutiones Grammaticae Anglo-Saxonicae et Moeso-Gothicae (1689), and Linguarum veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus grammatico-criticus et archaeologicus (1703–1705), a work of great learning and industry.
Apart from these two works Hickes was a voluminous and laborious author. His earliest writings, which were anonymous, were suggested by contemporary events in Scotland that gave him great satisfaction—the execution of James Mitchell on a charge of having attempted to murder Archbishop Sharp, and that of John Kid and John King, Presbyterian ministers, “for high treason and rebellion” (Ravillac Redivivus, 1678; The Spirit of Popery speaking out of the Mouths of Phanatical Protestants, 1680). In his Jovian (an answer to S. Johnson’s Julian the Apostate, 1683), he endeavoured to show that the Roman empire was not hereditary, and that the Christians under Julian had recognized the duty of passive obedience. His two treatises, one Of the Christian Priesthood and the other Of the Dignity of the Episcopal Order, originally published in 1707, have been more than once reprinted, and form three volumes of the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology (1847). In 1705 and 1710 were published Collections of Controversial Letters, in 1711 a collection of Sermons, and in 1726 a volume of Posthumous Discourses. Other treatises, such as the Apologetical Vindication of the Church of England, are to be met with in Edmund Gibson’s Preservative against Popery. There is a manuscript in the Bodleian Library which sketches his life to the year 1689, and many of his letters are extant in various collections. A posthumous publication of his The Constitution of the Catholick Church and the Nature and Consequences of Schism (1716) gave rise to the celebrated Bangorian controversy.
See the article by the Rev. W. D. Macray in the Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xxvi. (1891); and J. H. Overton, The Nonjurors (1902).
HICKOK, LAURENS PERSEUS (1798–1888), American philosopher
and divine, was born at Bethel, Connecticut, on the
29th of December 1798. He took his degree at Union College in
1820. Until 1836 he was occupied in active pastoral work, and
was then appointed professor of theology at the Western Reserve
College, Ohio, and later (1844–1852) at the Auburn (N.Y.) Theological
Seminary. From this post he was elected vice-president of
Union College and professor of mental and moral science. In
1866 he succeeded Dr E. Nott as president, but in July 1868
retired to Amherst, Massachusetts, where he devoted himself to
writing and study. A collected edition of his principal works was
published at Boston in 1875. He died at Amherst on the 7th
of May 1888. He wrote Rational Psychology (1848), System of
Moral Science (1853), Empirical Psychology (1854), Rational
Cosmology (1858), Creator and Creation, or the Knowledge in the
Reason of God and His Work (1872), Humanity Immortal (1872),
Logic of Reason (1874).
HICKORY, a shortened form of the American Indian name
pohickery. Hickory trees are natives of North America, and
belong to the genus Carya. They are closely allied to the walnuts
(Juglans), the chief or at least one very obvious difference being
that, whilst in Carya the husk which covers the shell of the nut
separates into four valves, in Juglans it consists of but one piece,
which bursts irregularly. The timber is both strong and heavy,
and remarkable for its extreme elasticity, but it decays rapidly
when exposed to heat and moisture, and is peculiarly subject to
the attacks of worms. It is very extensively employed in
manufacturing musket stocks, axle-trees, screws, rake teeth, the
bows of yokes, the wooden rings used on the rigging of vessels,
chair-backs, axe-handles, whip-handles and other purposes
requiring great strength and elasticity. Its principal use in
America is for hoop-making; and it is the only American wood
found perfectly fit for that purpose.
The wood of the hickory is of great value as fuel, on account of the brilliancy with which it burns and the ardent heat which it
