W. Wachsmuth, Geschichte von Hochstift und Stadt Hildesheim
(Hildesheim, 1863); R. Döbner, Studien zur Hildesheimischen Geschichte
(Hildesheim, 1901); Lachner, Die Holzarchitektur Hildesheims
(Hildesheim, 1882); Seifart, Sagen, Märchen, Schwänke und Gebräuche aus Stadt und Stift Hildesheims (Hildesheim, 1889). For
the Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde, see H. Delius, Die Hildesheimische Stiftsfehde 1519 (Leipzig, 1803). For the Hildesheimer Silberfund,
see Wieseler, Der Hildesheimer Silberfund (Göttingen, 1869); Holzer,
Der Hildesheimer antike Silberfund (Hildesheim, 1871); and E.
Pernice and F. Winter, Der Hildesheimer Silberfund der königlichen
Museen zu Berlin (Berlin, 1901).
HILDRETH, RICHARD (1807–1865), American journalist
and author, was born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, on the 28th
of June 1807, the son of Hosea Hildreth (1782–1835), a teacher
of mathematics and later a Congregational minister. Richard
graduated at Harvard in 1826, and, after studying law at
Newburyport, was admitted to the bar at Boston in 1830.
He had already taken to journalism, and in 1832 he became
joint founder and editor of a daily newspaper, the Boston
Atlas. Having in 1834 gone to the South for the benefit of his
health, he was led by what he witnessed of the evils of slavery
(chiefly in Florida) to write the anti-slavery novel The Slave:
or Memoir of Archy Moore (1836; enlarged edition, 1852, The
White Slave). In 1837 he wrote for the Atlas a series of articles
vigorously opposing the annexation of Texas. In the same year
he published Banks, Banking, and Paper Currencies, a work which
helped to promote the growth of the free banking system in
America. In 1838 he resumed his editorial duties on the Atlas,
but in 1840 removed, on account of his health, to British Guiana,
where he lived for three years and was editor of two weekly newspapers
in succession at Georgetown. He published in this year
(1840) a volume in opposition to slavery, Despotism in America
(2nd ed., 1854). In 1849 he published the first three volumes of
his History of the United States, two more volumes of which were
published in 1851 and the sixth and last in 1852. The first
three volumes of this history, his most important work, deal
with the period 1492–1789, and the second three with the period
1789–1821. The history is notable for its painstaking accuracy
and candour, but the later volumes have a strong Federalist
bias. Hildreth’s Japan as It Was and Is (1855) was at the time
a valuable digest of the information contained in other works
on that country (new ed., 1906). He also wrote a campaign
biography of William Henry Harrison (1839); Theory of Morals
(1844); and Theory of Politics (1853), as well as Lives of Atrocious
Judges (1856), compiled from Lord Campbell’s two works. In
1861 he was appointed United States consul at Trieste, but
ill-health compelled him to resign and remove to Florence,
where he died on the 11th of July 1865.
HILGENFELD, ADOLF BERNHARD CHRISTOPH (1823–1907),
German Protestant divine, was born at Stappenbeck
near Salzwedel in Prussian Saxony on the 2nd of June 1823.
He studied at Berlin and Halle, and in 1890 became professor
ordinarius of theology at Jena. He belonged to the Tübingen
school. “Fond of emphasizing his independence of Baur, he
still, in all important points, followed in the footsteps of his
master; his method, which he is wont to contrast as Literarkritik
with Baur’s Tendenzkritik, is nevertheless essentially the same
as Baur’s” (Otto Pfleiderer). On the whole, however, he
modified the positions of the founder of the Tübingen school,
going beyond him only in his investigations into the Fourth
Gospel. In 1858 he became editor of the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche
Theologie. He died on the 12th of January 1907.
His works include: Die elementarischen Recognitionen und Homilien (1848); Die Evangelien und die Briefe des Johannes nach ihrem Lehrbegriff (1849); Das Markusevangelium (1850); Die Evangelien nach ihrer Entstehung und geschichtlichen Bedeutung (1854); Das Unchristentum (1855); Jüd. Apokalyptik (1857); Novum Testamentum extra canonem receptum (4 parts, 1866; 2nd ed., 1876–1884); Histor.-kritische Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1875); Acta Apostolorum graece et latine secundum antiquissimos testes (1899); the first complete edition of the Shepherd of Hermas (1887); Ignatii et Polycarpi epistolae (1902).
HILL, AARON (1685–1750), English author, was born in London on the 10th of February 1685. He was the son of
George Hill of Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, who contrived
to sell an estate entailed on his son. In his fourteenth year he
left Westminster School to go to Constantinople, where William,
Lord Paget de Beaudesert (1637–1713), a relative of his mother,
was ambassador. Paget sent him, under care of a tutor, to travel
in Palestine and Egypt, and he returned to England in 1703.
He was estranged from his patron by the “envious fears and
malice of a certain female,” and again went abroad as companion
to Sir William Wentworth. On his return home in 1709 he published
A Full and Just Account of the Present State of the Ottoman
Empire, a production of which he was afterwards much ashamed,
and he addressed his poem of Camillus to Charles Mordaunt,
earl of Peterborough. In the same year he is said to have been
manager of Drury Lane theatre and in 1710 of the Haymarket.
His first play, Elfrid: or The Fair Inconstant (afterwards
revised as Athelwold), was produced at Drury Lane in 1709.
His connexion with the theatre was of short duration, and the
rest of his life was spent in ingenious commercial enterprises,
none of which were successful, and in literary pursuits. He
formed a company to extract oil from beechmast, another for
the colonization of the district to be known later as Georgia,
a third to supply wood for naval construction from Scotland,
and a fourth for the manufacture of potash. In 1730 he wrote
The Progress of Wit, being a caveat for the use of an Eminent
Writer. The “eminent writer” was Pope, who had introduced
him into The Dunciad as one of the competitors for the prize
offered by the goddess of Dullness, though the satire was qualified
by an oblique compliment. A note in the edition of 1729 on
the obnoxious passage, in which, however, the original initial
was replaced by asterisks, gave Hill great offence. He wrote
to Pope complaining of his treatment, and received a reply
in which Pope denied responsibility for the notes. Hill appears
to have been a persistent correspondent, and inflicted on Pope
a series of letters, which are printed in Elwin & Courthope’s
edition (x. 1-78). Hill died on the 8th of February 1750,
and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The best of his plays
were Zara (acted 1735) and Merope (1749), both adaptations
from Voltaire. He also published two series of periodical
essays, The Prompter (1735) and, with William Bond, The
Plaindealer (1724). He was generous to fellow-men of letters,
and his letters to Richard Savage, whom he helped considerably,
show his character in a very amiable light.
The Works of the late Aaron Hill, consisting of letters . . ., original poems. . . . With an essay on the Art of Acting appeared in 1753, and his Dramatic Works in 1760. His Poetical Works are included in Anderson’s and other editions of the British poets. A full account of his life is provided by an anonymous writer in Theophilus Cibber’s Lives of the Poets, vol. v.
HILL, AMBROSE POWELL (1825–1865), American Confederate
soldier, was born in Culpeper county, Virginia, on the
9th of November 1825, and graduated from West Point in 1847,
being appointed to the 1st U.S. artillery. He served in the
Mexican and Seminole Wars, was promoted first lieutenant in
September 1851, and in 1855–1860 was employed on the United
States’ coast survey. In March 1861, just before the outbreak
of the Civil War, he resigned his commission, and when his state
seceded he was made colonel of a Virginian infantry regiment,
winning promotion to the rank of brigadier-general on the field
of Bull Run. In the Peninsular campaign of 1862 he gained
further promotion, and as a major-general Hill was one of the
most prominent and successful divisional commanders of Lee’s
army in the Seven Days’, Second Bull Run, Antietam and
Fredericksburg campaigns. His division formed part of “Stonewall”
Jackson’s corps, and he was severely wounded in the flank
attack of Chancellorsville in May 1863. After Jackson’s death
Hill was made a lieutenant-general and placed in command of the
3rd corps of Lee’s army, which he led in the Gettysburg campaign
of 1863, the autumn campaign of the same year, and the Wilderness
and Petersburg operations of 1864–65. He was killed in
front of the Petersburg lines on the 2nd of April 1865. His
reputation as a troop leader in battle was one of the highest
amongst the generals of both sides, and both Lee and Jackson,
when on their death-beds their thoughts wandered in delirium
to the battlefield, called for “A. P. Hill” to deliver the decisive
blow.
