was for the first time given at Berlin, more than forty years after the composition of that great work. Hiller was also a writer on music, and for some years (1766–1770) edited a musical weekly periodical named Wöchentliche Nachrichten und Anmerkungen die Musik betreffend.
HILLIARD, LAWRENCE (d. 1640), English miniature painter.
The date of his birth is not known, but he died in 1640. He was
the son of Nicholas Hilliard, and evidently derived his Christian
name from that of his grandmother. He adopted his father’s
profession and worked out the unexpired time of his licence after
Nicholas Hilliard died. It was from Lawrence Hilliard that
Charles I. received the portrait of Queen Elizabeth now at
Montagu House, since van der Dort’s catalogue describes it as
“done by old Hilliard, and bought by the king of young Hilliard.”
In 1624 he was paid £42 from the treasury for five pictures, but
the warrant does not specify whom they represented. His
portraits are of great rarity, two of the most beautiful being those
in the collections of Earl Beauchamp and Mr J. Pierpont Morgan.
They are as a rule signed L.H., but are also to be distinguished by
the beauty of the calligraphy in which the inscriptions round the
portraits are written. The writing is as a rule very florid, full of
exquisite curves and flourishes, and more elaborate than the more
formal handwriting of Nicholas Hilliard. The colour scheme
adopted by the son is richer and more varied than that used by
the father, and Lawrence Hilliard’s miniatures are not so hard as
are those of Nicholas, and are marked by more shade and a
greater effect of atmosphere. (G. C. W.)
HILLIARD, NICHOLAS (c. 1537–1619), the first true English
miniature painter, is said to have been the son of Richard Hilliard
of Exeter, high sheriff of the city and county in 1560, by Lawrence,
daughter of John Wall, goldsmith, of London, and was born
probably about 1537. He was appointed goldsmith, carver and
portrait painter to Queen Elizabeth, and engraved the Great Seal
of England in 1586. He was in high favour with James I. as well
as with Elizabeth, and from the king received a special patent of
appointment, dated the 5th of May 1617, and granting him a sole
licence for the royal work for twelve years. He is believed to
have been the author of an important treatise on miniature
painting, now preserved in the Bodleian Library, but it seems
more probable that the author of that treatise was John de Critz, Serjeant Painter to James I. It is probable, however, that the treatise was taken down from the instructions of Hilliard, for the benefit of one of his pupils, perhaps Isaac Oliver.
The esteem of his countrymen for Hilliard is testified to by Dr Donne, who in a poem called “The Storm” (1597) praises the work of this artist. He painted a portrait of himself at the age of thirteen, and is said to have executed one of Mary queen of Scots when he was eighteen years old. He died on the 7th of January 1619, and was buried in St Martin’s-in-the-Fields, Westminster, leaving by his will twenty shillings to the poor of the parish, £30 between his two sisters, some goods to his maidservant, and all the rest of his effects to his son, Lawrence Hilliard, his sole executor.
It seems to be pretty certain that he visited France, and that he is the artist alluded to in the papers of the duc d’Alençon under the name of “Nicholas Belliart, peintre anglois” who was painter to this prince in 1577, receiving a stipend of 200 livres. The miniature of Mademoiselle de Sourdis, in the collection of Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, is certainly the work of Hilliard, and is dated 1577, in which year she was a maid of honour at the French Court; and other portraits which are his work are believed to represent Gabrielle d’Estrées, niece of Madame de Sourdis, la Princesse de Condé and Madame de Montgomery.
For further information respecting Hilliard’s sojourn in France, see the privately printed catalogue of the collection of miniatures belonging to Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, compiled by Dr G. C. Williamson. (G. C. W.)
HILLSDALE, a city and the county-seat of Hillsdale county,
Michigan, U.S.A., about 87 m. W. by S. of Detroit. Pop.
(1900) 4151, of whom 300 were foreign-born; (1904) 4809;
(1910) 5001. Hillsdale is served by the Lake Shore & Michigan
Southern railway. It has a public library, and is the seat of
Hillsdale College (co-educational, Free Baptist), which was
opened as Michigan Central College, at Spring Arbor, Michigan,
in 1844, was removed to Hillsdale and received its present
name in 1853 and was re-opened here in 1855. The college
in 1907–1908 had 22 instructors and 345 students. The city
is a centre for a rich farming region; among its manufactures
are gasoline and gas engines, screen doors, wagons, barrels,
shoes, fur-coats and flour. Hillsdale was first settled in 1837,
was incorporated as a village in 1847, and was chartered as
a city in 1869.
HILL TIPPERA, or Tripura, a native state of India, adjoining the British district of Tippera, in Eastern Bengal and Assam. Area, 4086 sq. m.; pop, (1901) 173,325; estimated revenue, £55,000. Six parallel ranges of hill cross it from north to south, at an average distance of 12 m. apart. The hills are covered
for the most part with bamboo jungle, while the low ground
abounds with trees of various kinds, canebrakes and swamps.
The principal crop and food staple is rice. The other articles
of produce are cotton, chillies and vegetables. The chief exports
are cotton, timber, oilseeds, bamboo canes, thatching-grass
and firewood, on all of which tolls are levied. The chief rivers
are the Gumti, Haora, Khoyai, Dulai, Manu and Fenny (Pheni).
During the heavy rains the people in the plains use boats as
almost the sole means of conveyance.
The history of the state includes two distinct periods—the traditional period described in the Rajmala, or “Chronicles of the Kings of Tippera,” and the period since A.D. 1407. The Rajmala is a history in Bengali verse, compiled by the Brahmans of the court of Tripura. In the early history of the state, the rajas were in a state of chronic feud with all the neighbouring countries. The worship of Siva was here, as elsewhere in India, associated with the practice of human sacrifice, and in no part of India were more victims offered. It was not until the beginning of the 17th century that the Moguls obtained any footing in this country. When the East India Company obtained the diwani or financial administration of Bengal in 1765, so much of Tippera as had been placed on the Mahommedan rent-roll came under British rule. Since 1808, each successive ruler has received investiture from the British government. In October 1905 the state was attached to the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. It has a chronological era of its own, adopted by Raja Birraj, from whom the present raja is 93rd in descent. The year 1875 corresponded with 1285 of the Tippera era.
Besides being the ruler of Hill Tippera, the raja holds an estate in the British district of Tippera, called chakla Roshnabad, which is far the most valuable of his possessions. The capital is Agartala (pop. 9513), where there is an Arts College. The raja’s palace and other public buildings were seriously damaged by the earthquake of the 12th of June 1897. The late raja, who died from the result of a motor-car accident in 1909, succeeded his father in 1896, but he had taken a large share in the administration of the state for some years previously. The principle of succession, which had often caused serious disputes, was defined in 1904, to the effect that the chief may nominate any male descendant through males from himself or from any male ancestor, but failing such nomination, then the rule of primogeniture applies.
HILTON, JOHN (1804–1878), British surgeon, was born at
Castle Hedingham, in Essex, in 1804. He entered Guy’s Hospital
in 1824. He was appointed demonstrator of anatomy
in 1828, assistant-surgeon in 1845, surgeon 1849. In 1867
he was president of the Royal College of Surgeons, of which
he became member in 1827 and fellow in 1843, and he
also delivered the Hunterian oration in 1867. As Arris and
Gale professor (1859–1862) he delivered a course of lectures
on “Rest and Pain,” which have become classics. He was
also surgeon-extraordinary to Queen Victoria. Hilton was
the greatest anatomist of his time, and was nick named “Anatomical
John.” It was he who, with Joseph Towne the artist,
enriched Guy’s Hospital with its unique collection of models.
In his grasp of the structure and functions of the brain and
