founded and endowed with about £12,000 in 1784 by Sarah Derby (1714–1790), was opened in 1791. Hingham has a public library (1868), with 12,000 volumes in 1908. The Old Meeting House, erected in 1681, is one of the oldest church buildings in the country used continuously. Manufactures were relatively much more important in the 17th and 18th centuries than since. There were settlers here as early as 1633, some of them—notably Edmund Hobart, ancestor of Bishop John Henry Hobart,—being natives of Hingham, Norfolk, England, whence the name; and in 1635 common land called Barecove became the township of Hingham.
See History of the Town of Hingham (4 vols., Hingham, 1893).
HINRICHS, HERMANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1794–1861),
German philosopher, studied theology at Strassburg, and philosophy
at Heidelberg under Hegel (q.v.), who wrote a preface to
his Religion im innern Verhältniss zur Wissenschaft (Heidelberg,
1722). He became a Privatdozent in 1819, and held professorships
at Breslau (1822) and Halle (1824).
Works.—(1) Philosophical: Grundlinien der Philosophie der Logik (Halle, 1826); Genesis des Wissens (Heidelberg, 1835). (2) On aesthetics: Vorlesungen über Goethes Faust (Halle, 1825); Schillers Dichtungen nach ihrem historischen Zusammenhang (Leipzig, 1837–1839). By these works he became a recognized exponent of orthodox Hegelianism. (3) Historical: Geschichte der Rechts- und Staatsprinzipien seit der Reformation bis auf die Gegenwart (Leipzig, 1848–1852); Die Könige (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1853).
HINSCHIUS, PAUL (1835–1898), German jurist, was the son
of Franz Sales August Hinschius (1807–1877), and was born in
Berlin on the 25th of December 1835. His father was not only
a scientific jurist, but also a lawyer in large practice in Berlin.
After working under his father, Hinschius in 1852 began to study
jurisprudence at Heidelberg and Berlin, the teacher who had
most influence upon him being Aemilius Ludwig Richter (1808–1864),
to whom he afterwards ascribed the great revival of the
study of ecclesiastical law in Germany. In 1855 Hinschius took
the degree of doctor utriusque juris, and in 1859 was admitted to
the juridical faculty of Berlin. In 1863 he went as professor
extraordinarius to Halle, returning in the same capacity to
Berlin in 1865; and in 1868 became professor ordinarius at the
university of Kiel, which he represented in the Prussian Upper
House (1870–1871). He also assisted his father in editing the
Preussische Anwaltszeitung from 1862 to 1866 and the Zeitschrift
für Gesetzgebung und Rechtspflege in Preussen from 1867 to 1871.
In 1872 he was appointed professor ordinarius of ecclesiastical
law at Berlin. In the same year he took part in the conferences
of the ministry of ecclesiastical affairs, which issued in the famous
“Falk laws.” In connexion with the developments of the
Kulturkampf which resulted from the “Falk laws,” he wrote
several treatises: e.g. on “The Attitude of the German State
Governments towards the Decrees of the Vatican Council”
(1871), on “The Prussian Church Laws of 1873” (1873), “The
Prussian Church Laws of the years 1874 and 1875” (1875), and
“The Prussian Church Law of 14th July 1880” (1881). He
sat in the Reichstag as a National Liberal from 1872 to 1878,
and again in 1881 and 1882, and from 1889 onwards he represented
the university of Berlin in the Prussian Upper House.
He died on the 13th of December 1898.
The two great works by which Hinschius established his fame are the Decretales Pseudo-Isidorianae et capitula Angilramni (2 parts, Leipzig, 1863) and Das Kirchenrecht der Katholiken und Protestanten in Deutschland, vols, i.-vi. (Berlin, 1869–1877). The first of these, for which during 1860 and 1861 he had gathered materials in Italy, Spain, France, England, Scotland, Ireland, Holland and Belgium, was the first critical edition of the False Decretals. His most monumental work, however, is the Kirchenrecht, which remains incomplete. The six volumes actually published (System des katholischen Kirchenrechts) cover only book i. of the work as planned; they are devoted to an exhaustive historical and analytical study of the Roman Catholic hierarchy and its government of the church. The work is planned with special reference to Germany; but in fact its scheme embraces the whole of the Roman Catholic organization in its principles and practice. Unfortunately even this part of the work remains incomplete; two chapters of book i. and the whole of book ii., which was to have dealt with “the rights and duties of the members of the hierarchy,” remain unwritten; the most notable omission is that of the ecclesiastical law in relation to the regular orders. Incomplete as it is, however, the Kirchenrecht remains a work of the highest scientific authority. Epoch-making in its application of the modern historical method to the study of ecclesiastical law in its theory and practice, it has become the model for the younger school of canonists.
See the articles s.v. by E. Seckel in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (3rd ed., 1900), and by Ulrich Steitz in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. 50 (Leipzig, 1905).
HINTERLAND (German for “the land behind”), the region
lying behind a coast or river line, or a country dependent for
trade or commerce on any other region. In the purely physical
sense “interior” or “back country” is more commonly used,
but the word has gained a distinct political significance. It
first came into prominence during 1883–1885, when Germany
insisted that she had a right to exercise jurisdiction in the
territory behind those parts of the African coast that she had
occupied. The “doctrine of the hinterland” was that the
possessor of the littoral was entitled to as much of the back
country as geographically, economically or politically was
dependent upon the coast lands, a doctrine which, in the space
of ten years, led to the partition of Africa between various
European powers.
HINTON, JAMES (1822–1875), English surgeon and author,
son of John Howard Hinton (1791–1873), Baptist minister and
author of the History and Topography of the United States and
other works, was born at Reading in 1822. He was educated
at his grandfather’s school near Oxford, and at the Nonconformist
school at Harpenden, and in 1838, on his father’s removal
to London, was apprenticed to a woollen-draper in Whitechapel.
After retaining this situation about a year he became clerk in
an insurance office. His evenings were spent in intense study,
and this, joined to the ardour, amounting to morbidness, of his
interest in moral problems, so affected his health that in his
nineteenth year he resolved to seek refuge from his own thoughts
by running away to sea. His intention having, however, been
discovered, he was sent, on the advice of the physician who
was consulted regarding his health, to St Bartholomew’s
Hospital to study for the medical profession. After receiving his
diploma in 1847, he was for some time assistant surgeon at
Newport, Essex, but the same year he went out to Sierra Leone
to take medical charge of the free labourers on their voyage
thence to Jamaica, where he stayed some time. He returned
to England in 1850, and entered into partnership with a surgeon
in London, where he soon had his interest awakened specially
in aural surgery, and gave also much of his attention to physiology.
He made his first appearance as an author in 1856 by contributing
papers on physiological and ethical subjects to the Christian
Spectator; and in 1859 he published Man and his Dwelling-place.
A series of papers entitled “Physiological Riddles,”
in the Cornhill Magazine, afterwards published as Life in Nature
(1862), as well as another series entitled Thoughts on Health
(1871), proved his aptitude for popular scientific exposition.
After being appointed aural surgeon to Guy’s Hospital in 1863,
he speedily acquired a reputation as the most skilful aural
surgeon of his day, which was fully borne out by his works,
An Atlas of Diseases of the membrana tympani (1874), and
Questions of Aural Surgery (1874). But his health broke down,
and in 1874 he gave up practice; and he died at the Azores of
acute inflammation of the brain on the 16th of December 1875.
In addition to the works already mentioned, he was the author
of The Mystery of Pain (1866) and The Place of the Physician
(1874). On account of their fresh and vigorous discussion of
many of the important moral and social problems of the time,
his writings had a wide circulation on both sides of the Atlantic.
His Life and Letters, edited by Ellice Hopkins, with an introduction by Sir W. W. Gull, appeared in 1878.
HIOGO [Hyogo], a town of Japan in the province of Settsu,
Nippon, on the western shore of the bay of Osaka, adjoining
the foreign settlement of Kobe, 21 m. W. of Osaka by rail. The
