a series of expositions based on the Messianic idea. In 1776 he was chosen vice-chancellor of his university; in 1781 he was made dean of Canterbury, and in 1790 was raised to the see of Norwich. He died at Bath on the 17th of January 1792.
His collected Works were published with a Memoir by William Jones in 1799.
HORNE, RICHARD HENRY, or HENGIST (1803–1884), English poet and critic, was born in London on New Year’s Day 1803. He was intended for the army, and entered at Sandhurst, but receiving no commission, he left his country and joined the Mexican navy. He served in the war against Spain, and underwent many adventures. Returning to England, he became a journalist, and in 1836–1837 edited The Monthly Repository. In 1837 he published two tragedies, Cosmo de Medici and The Death of Marlowe, and in 1841 a History of Napoleon. The book, however, by which he lives is his epic of Orion, which appeared in 1843. It was published originally at a farthing, was widely read, and passed through many editions. In the next year he set forth a volume of critical essays called A New Spirit of the Age, in which he was assisted by Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs Browning), with whom, from 1839 to her marriage in 1846, he conducted a voluminous correspondence. In 1852 he went to Australia in company with William Howitt, and did not return to England until 1869. He received a Civil List pension in 1874, and died at Margate on the 13th of March 1884. Horne possessed extraordinary versatility, but, except in the case of Orion, he never attained to a very high degree of distinction. That poem, indeed, has much of the quality of fine poetry; it is earnest, vivid and alive with spirit. But Horne early drove his talent too hard, and continued to write when he had little left to say. In criticism he had insight and quickness. He was one of the first to appreciate Keats and Tennyson, and he gave valuable encouragement to Mrs Browning when she was still Miss Elizabeth Barrett.
HORNE, THOMAS HARTWELL (1780–1862), English theologian and bibliographer, was born in London on the 20th of October 1780, and was educated at Christ’s Hospital, with
S. T. Coleridge as an elder contemporary. On leaving school he
became clerk to a barrister, but showed a keen taste for authorship.
As early as 1800 he published A Brief View of the Necessity and Truth of the Christian Revelation, which was followed by several minor works on very varied subjects. In 1814, having been appointed librarian of the Surrey Institution, he issued his Introduction to the Study of Bibliography. This was followed in 1818 by his long matured work, the Introduction to the Critical
Study of the Holy Scriptures, which rapidly attained popularity, and secured for its author widespread fame and an honorary M.A. degree from Aberdeen. In 1819 he received ordination from William Howley, bishop of London, and after holding two
smaller livings was appointed rector of the united parishes
of St Edmund the King and Martyr, and St Nicolas Acons in
London. On the breaking up of the Surrey Institution in 1823,
he was appointed (1824) senior assistant librarian in the department
of printed books in the British Museum. After the project
of making a classified catalogue had been abandoned, he took
part in the preparation of the alphabetical one, and his connexion
with the museum continued until within a few months of his
death on the 27th of January 1862.
Horne’s works exceed forty in number. The Introduction, edited by John Ayre and S. P. Tregelles, reached a 12th edition in 1869; but, owing to subsequent advances in biblical scholarship, it fell into disuse.
HORNELL, a city of Steuben county, New York, U.S.A.,
on the Canisteo river, 90 m. S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. (1890) 10,996;
(1900) 11,918, of whom 1230 were foreign-born; (1910 census)
13,617. Hornell is served by the Erie and the Pittsburg, Shawmut
& Northern railways; the latter connects at Wayland (20 m.
distant by rail) with the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western
railroad. In the city are St Ann’s Academy, the St James
Mercy Hospital, the Steuben Sanitarium, a public library, and
a county court-house—terms of the county court being held here
as well as in Bath (pop. in 1905, 3695), the county-seat, and in
Corning. Hornell has extensive car shops of the Erie railroad,
and among its manufactures are silk goods (silk gloves being a
specially important product), sash, doors and blinds, leather,
furniture, shoes, white-goods, wire-fences, foundry and machine
shop products, electric motors, and brick and tile. The value
of the factory product in 1905 was $3,162,677, an increase of
30.1% since 1900. The first settlement here was made in 1790,
within the district of Erwin (then in Ontario county); after
1796 it was a part of Canisteo township, and the settlement itself
was known as Upper Canisteo until 1820, when a new township
was formed and named Hornellsville in honour of Judge George
Hornell (d. 1813). The village of Hornellsville was incorporated
in 1852, and in 1888 was chartered as a city; and by act of the
state legislature the name was changed to Hornell in 1906.
See G. H. McMaster, History of the Settlement of Steuben County (Bath, New York, 1849).
HORNEMANN, FREDERICK (fl. 1796–1800), German traveller
in Africa, was born at Hildesheim. He was a young man when,
early in 1796, he offered his services to the African Association
of London as an explorer in Africa. By the association he was
sent to Göttingen University to study Arabic and otherwise
prepare for an expedition into the unknown regions of North
Africa from the east. In September 1797 he arrived in Egypt,
where he continued his studies. On the invasion of the country
by the French he was confined in the citadel of Cairo, to preserve
him from the fanaticism of the populace. Liberated by the
French, he received the patronage of Bonaparte. On the 5th
of September 1798 he joined a caravan returning to the Maghrib
from Mecca, attaching himself to a party of Fezzan merchants
who accompanied the pilgrims. As an avowed Christian would
not have been permitted to join the caravan Hornemann assumed
the character of a young mameluke trading to Fezzan. He then
spoke, but indifferently, both Arabic and Turkish, and he was
accompanied as servant and interpreter by Joseph Freudenburg,
a German convert to Islam, who had thrice made the pilgrimage
to Mecca. Travelling by way of the oases of Siwa and Aujila,
a “black rocky desert” was traversed to Temissa in Fezzan.
Murzuk was reached on the 17th of November 1798. Here
Hornemann lived till June 1799, going thence to the city of
Tripoli, whence in August of the same year he despatched his
journals to London. He then returned to Murzuk. Nothing
further is known with certainty concerning him or his companion.
In Murzuk Hornemann had collected a great deal of trustworthy
information concerning the peoples and countries of the western
Sahara and central Sudan, and when he left Tripoli it was his
intention to go direct to the Hausa country, which region he
was the first European definitely to locate. “If I do not perish
in my undertaking,” he wrote in his journal, “I hope in five
years I shall be able to make the Society better acquainted with
the people of whom I have given this short description.” The
British consul at Tripoli heard from a source believed to be
trustworthy that about June 1803 Jusef (Hornemann’s Mahommedan
name) was at Caśna, i.e. Katsena, in Northern Nigeria,
“in good health and highly respected as a marabout.” A report
reached Murzuk in 1819 that the traveller had gone to “Noofy”
(Nupe), and had died there. Hornemann was the first European
in modern times to traverse the north-eastern Sahara, and up to
1910 no other explorer had followed his route across the Jebel-es-Suda
from Aujila to Temissa.
The original text of Hornemann’s journal, which was written in German, was printed at Weimar in 1801; an English translation, Travels from Cairo to Mourzouk, &c., with maps and dissertations by Major James Rennell, appeared in London in 1802. A French translation of the English work, made by order of the First Consul, and augmented with notes and a memoir on the Egyptian oases by L. Langlès, was published in Paris in the following year. The French version is the most valuable of the three. Consult also the Proceedings of the African Association (1810), and the Geog. Jnl. Nov. 1906.
HORNER, FRANCIS (1778–1817), British economist, was born at Edinburgh on the 12th of August 1778. After passing through the usual courses at the high school and university of his native city, he devoted five years, the first two in England, to comprehensive but desultory study, and in 1800 was called to the Scottish bar. Desirous, however, of a wider sphere, Horner removed to London in 1802, and occupied the interval
