England—was the best man he had ever known. He was a particularly clear-headed lawyer, and his judgments—always delivered extempore—commanded the greatest confidence both with the public and the legal profession. He left no issue and the title became extinct on his death.
HATHERTON, EDWARD JOHN LITTLETON, 1st Baron (1791–1863), was born on the 18th of March 1791 and was
educated at Rugby school and at Brasenose College, Oxford. He was the only son of Moreton Walhouse of Hatherton, Staffordshire; but in 1812, in accordance with the will of his great-uncle Sir Edward Littleton, Bart. (d. 1812), he took the name of Littleton. From 1812 to 1832 he was member of parliament for Staffordshire and from 1832 to 1835 for the southern division of that county, being specially prominent in the House of Commons as an advocate of Roman Catholic emancipation. In January 1833, against his own wish, he was put forward by the Radicals as a candidate for the office of speaker, but he was not elected and in May 1833 he became chief secretary to the lord-lieutenant of
Ireland in the ministry of Earl Grey. His duties in this capacity brought him frequently into conflict with O’Connell, but he was
obviously unequal to the great Irishman, although he told his
colleagues to “leave me to manage Dan.” He had to deal with
the vexed and difficult question of the Irish tithes on which the
government was divided, and with his colleagues had to face the
problem of a new coercion act. Rather hastily he made a
compact with O’Connell on the assumption that the new act could
not contain certain clauses which were part of the old act.
The clauses, however, were inserted; O’Connell charged Littleton
with deception; and in July 1834 Grey, Althorp (afterwards
Earl Spencer) and the Irish secretary resigned. The two latter
were induced to serve under the new premier, Lord Melbourne,
and they remained in office until Melbourne was dismissed in
November 1834. In 1835 Littleton was created Baron Hatherton,
and he died at his Staffordshire residence, Teddesley Hall, on the
4th of May 1863. In 1888 his grandson, Edward George Littleton
(b. 1842), became 3rd Baron Hatherton.
See Hatherton’s Memoirs and Correspondence relating to Political Occurrences, June–July 1834, edited by H. Reeve (1872); and Sir S. Walpole, History of England, vol. iii. (1890).
HATHRAS, a town of British India, in the Aligarh district
of the United Provinces, 29 m. N. of Agra. Pop. (1901), 42,578.
At the end of the 18th century it was held by a Jat chieftain,
whose ruined fort still stands at the east end of the town, and
was annexed by the British in 1803, but insubordination on
the part of the chief necessitated the siege of the fort in 1817.
Since it came under British rule, Hathras has rapidly risen to
commercial importance, and now ranks second to Cawnpore
among the trading centres of the Doab. The chief articles of
commerce are sugar and grain, there are also factories for ginning
and pressing cotton, and a cotton spinning-mill. Hathras is
connected by a light railway with Muttra, and by a branch with
Hathras junction, on the East Indian main line.
HATTIESBURG, a city and the county-seat of Forrest county, Mississippi, U.S.A., on the Hastahatchee (or Leaf) river, about
90 m. S.E. of Jackson. Pop. (1890) 1172; (1900) 4175 (1687
negroes); (1910) 11,733. Hattiesburg is served by the Gulf & Ship
Island, the Mississippi Central, the New Orleans, Mobile &
Chicago and the New Orleans & North Eastern railways. The
officers and employees of the Gulf & Ship Island railway own and
maintain a hospital here. The city is in a rich farming, truck-gardening
and lumbering country. Among its manufactures
are lumber (especially yellow-pine), wood-alcohol, turpentine,
paper and pulp, fertilizers, wagons, mattresses and machine-shop
products. Hattiesburg was founded about 1882 and was named
in honour of the wife of W. H. Hardy, a railway official, who
planned a town at the intersection of the New Orleans & North-Eastern
(which built a round house and repair shops here in 1885)
and the Gulf & Ship Island railways. The latter railway was
opened from Gulfport to Hattiesburg in January 1897, and from
Hattiesburg to Jackson in September 1900. Hattiesburg was
incorporated as a town in 1884 and was chartered as a city in
1899. Formerly the “court house” of the second judicial
district of Perry county, Hattiesburg became on the 1st of
January 1908 the county-seat of Forrest county, erected from
the W. part of Perry county.
HATTINGEN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province
of Westphalia, on the river Ruhr, 21 m. N.E. of Düsseldorf.
Pop. (1900), 8975. It has two Evangelical and a Roman Catholic
church. The manufactures include tobacco, and iron and steel
goods. In the neighbourhood are the ruins of the Isenburg,
demolished in 1226. Hattingen, which received communal rights
in 1396, was one of the Hanse towns.
HATTO I. (c. 850–913), archbishop of Mainz, belonged to a
Swabian family, and was probably educated at the monastery
of Reichenau, of which he became abbot in 888. He soon became
known to the German king, Arnulf, who appointed him archbishop
of Mainz in 891; and he became such a trustworthy
and confidential counsellor that he was popularly called “the
heart of the king.” He presided over the important synod at
Tribur in 895, and accompanied the king to Italy in 894 and
895, where he was received with great favour by Pope Formosus.
In 899, when Arnulf died, Hatto became regent of Germany, and
guardian of the young king, Louis the Child, whose authority
he compelled Zwentibold, king of Lorraine, an illegitimate son of
Arnulf, to recognize. During these years he did not neglect
his own interests, for in 896 he secured for himself the abbey of
Ellwangen and in 898 that of Lorsch. He assisted the Franconian
family of the Conradines in its feud with the Babenbergs, and
was accused of betraying Adalbert, count of Babenberg, to
death. He retained his influence during the whole of the reign
of Louis; and on the king’s death in 911 was prominent in
securing the election of Conrad, duke of Franconia, to the
vacant throne. When trouble arose between Conrad and Henry,
duke of Saxony, afterwards King Henry the Fowler, the attitude
of Conrad was ascribed by the Saxons to the influence of Hatto,
who wished to prevent Henry from securing authority in Thuringia,
where the see of Mainz had extensive possessions. He
was accused of complicity in a plot to murder Duke Henry, who
in return ravaged the archiepiscopal lands in Saxony and
Thuringia. He died on the 15th of May 913, one tradition saying
he was struck by lightning, and another that he was thrown alive
by the devil into the crater of Mount Etna. His memory was
long regarded in Saxony with great abhorrence, and stories of
cruelty and treachery gathered round his name. The legend of
the Mouse Tower at Bingen is connected with Hatto II., who
was archbishop of Mainz from 968 to 970. This Hatto built
the church of St George on the island of Reichenau, was generous
to the see of Mainz and to the abbeys of Fulda and Reichenau,
and was a patron of the chronicler Regino, abbot of Prüm.
See E. Dümmler, Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs (Leipzig, 1887–1888); G. Phillips, Die grosse Synode von Tribur (Vienna, 1865); J. Heidemann, Hatto I., Erzbischof von Mainz (Berlin, 1865); G. Waitz, Jahrbücher der deutschen Geschichte unter Heinrich I. (Berlin and Leipzig, 1863); and J. F. Böhmer, Regesta archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium, edited by C. Will (Innsbruck, 1877–1886).
HATTON, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1540–1591), lord chancellor of England and favourite of Queen Elizabeth, was a son of William Hatton (d. 1546) of Holdenby, Northamptonshire, and was educated at St Mary Hall, Oxford. A handsome and accomplished man, being especially distinguished for his elegant dancing, he soon attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth, became one of her gentlemen pensioners in 1564, and captain of her bodyguard in 1572. He received numerous estates and many positions of trust and profit from the queen, and suspicion was not slow to assert that he was Elizabeth’s lover, a charge which was definitely made by Mary queen of Scots in 1584. Hatton, who was probably innocent in this matter, had been made vice-chamberlain of the royal household and a member of the privy council in 1578, and had been a member of parliament since 1571, first representing the borough of Higham Ferrers and afterwards the county of Northampton. In 1578 he was knighted, and was now regarded as the queen’s spokesman in the House of Commons, being an active agent in the prosecutions of John Stubbs and William Parry. He was one of those who were appointed to arrange a marriage between Elizabeth and Francis, duke of
