of this affair Nelson wrote home that it was a “miserable action.” A little later he returned to England, and in 1797 he was made a peer of Ireland under the title of Baron Hotham of South Dalton, near Hull. He died in 1813. Hotham lacked the fiery energy and genius of a Nelson or a Jervis, but in subordinate positions he was a brave and capable officer.
As Hotham died unmarried his barony passed to his brother, Sir Beaumont Hotham (1737–1814), who became 2nd Baron Hotham in May 1813. Beaumont, who was a baron of the exchequer for thirty years, died on the 4th of March 1814, and was succeeded as 3rd baron by his grandson Beaumont Hotham (1794–1870), who was present at the battle of Waterloo, being afterwards a member of parliament for forty-eight years. He died unmarried in December 1870 and was succeeded by his nephew, Charles (1836–1872), and then by another nephew, John (1838–1907). In 1907 his cousin Frederick William (b. 1863) became the 6th baron.
Other distinguished members of this family were the 2nd baron’s son, Sir Henry Hotham (1777–1833), a vice-admiral, who saw a great deal of service during the Napoleonic wars; and Sir William Hotham (1772–1848), a nephew of the 1st baron, who served with Duncan in 1797 off Camperdown and elsewhere.
See Charnock, Biographia navalis, vi. 236.
HOTHO, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802–1873), German historian
of art, was born at Berlin in 1802, and died in his native city on
Christmas day 1873. During boyhood he was affected for two
years with blindness consequent on an attack of measles. But
recovering his sight he studied so hard as to take his degree at
Berlin in 1826. A year of travel spent in visiting Paris, London
and the Low Countries determined his vocation. He came home
delighted with the treasures which he had seen, worked laboriously
for a higher examination and passed as “docent” in
aesthetics and art history. In 1829 he was made professor at
the university of Berlin. In 1833 G. F. Waagen accepted him
as assistant in the museum of the Prussian capital; and in 1858
he was promoted to the directorship of the print-room. During
a long and busy life, in which his time was divided between
literature and official duties, Hotho’s ambition had always been
to master the history of the schools of Germany and the Netherlands.
Accordingly what he published was generally confined
to those countries. In 1842–1843 he gave to the world his account
of German and Flemish painting. From 1853 to 1858 he revised
and published anew a part of this work, which he called “The
school of Hubert van Eyck, with his German precursors and
contemporaries.” His attempt later on to write a history of
Christian painting overtasked his strength, and remained
unfinished. Hotho is important in the history of aesthetics
as having developed Hegel’s theories; but he was deficient in
knowledge of Italian painting.
HOTI-MARDAN, or Mardan, a frontier cantonment of British
India in the Peshawar district of the North-West Frontier
Province, situated 15 m. N. of Nowshera. Pop. (1901) 3572.
It is notable as the permanent headquarters of the famous
corps of Guides, and also contains a cavalry brigade belonging
to the 1st division of the northern army.
HOTMAN, FRANÇOIS (1524–1590), French publicist, eldest
son of Pierre Hotman, was born on the 23rd of August 1524,
at Paris, his family being of Silesian origin. His name is latinized
by himself Hotomanus, by others Hotomannus and Hottomannus.
His father, a zealous Catholic, and a counsellor of
the parlement of Paris, destined him for the law, and sent him
at the age of fifteen to the university of Orleans. He obtained
his doctorate in three years, and became a pleader at Paris. The
arts of the barrister were not to his taste; he turned to the study
of jurisprudence and literature, and in 1546 was appointed
lecturer in Roman Law at the university of Paris. The fortitude
of Anne Dubourg under torture gained his adhesion to the
cause of Reform. Giving up a career on which he had entered
with high repute, he went in 1547 to Lyons, and thence to Geneva
and to Lausanne, where, on the recommendation of Calvin, he
was appointed professor of belles-lettres and history, and
married Claudine Aubelin, a refugee from Orleans. On the
invitation of the magistracy, he lectured at Strassburg on law
in 1555, and became professor in 1556, superseding François
Baudouin, who had been his colleague in Paris. His fame was
such that overtures were made to him by the courts of Prussia
and Hesse, and by Elizabeth of England. Twice he visited
Germany, in 1556 accompanying Calvin to the Diet at Frankfort.
He was entrusted with confidential missions from the Huguenot
leaders to German potentates, carrying at one time credentials
from Catherine de Medici. In 1560 he was one of the principal
instigators of the conspiracy of Amboise; in September of that
year he was with Antoine of Navarre at Nérac. In 1562 he
attached himself to Condé. In 1564 he became professor of civil
law at Valence, retrieving by his success the reputation of its
university. In 1567 he succeeded Cujas in the chair of jurisprudence
at Bourges. Five months later his house and library
were wrecked by a Catholic mob; he fled by Orleans to Paris,
where L’Hôpital made him historiographer to the king. As
agent for the Huguenots, he was sent to Blois to negotiate the
peace of 1568. He returned to Bourges, only to be again driven
away by the outbreak of hostilities. At Sancerre, during its siege,
he composed his Consolatio (published in 1593). The peace of 1570
restored him to Bourges, whence a third time he fled, in consequence
of the St Bartholomew massacre (1572). In 1573, after
publishing his Franco-Gallia, he left France for ever with his
family, and became professor of Roman law at Geneva. On
the approach of the duke of Savoy he removed to Basel in 1579.
In 1580 he was appointed councillor of state to Henry of Navarre.
The plague sent him in 1582 to Montbéliard; here he lost his wife.
Returning to Geneva in 1584 he developed a kind of scientific
turn, dabbling in alchemy and the research for the philosopher’s
stone. In 1589 he made his final retirement to Basel, where he
died on the 12th of February 1590, leaving two sons and four
daughters; he was buried in the cathedral.
Hotman was a man of pure life, real piety (as his Consolatio shows) and warm domestic virtues. His constant removals were inspired less by fear for himself than by care for his family, and by a temperament averse to the conditions of warfare, and a constitutional desire for peace. He did much for 16th-century jurisprudence, having a critical knowledge of Roman sources, and a fine Latin style. He broached the idea of a national code of French law. His works were very numerous, beginning with his De gradibus cognationis (1546), and including a treatise on the Eucharist (1566); a treatise (Anti-Tribonien, 1567) to show that French law could not be based on Justinian; a life of Coligny (1575); a polemic (Brutum fulmen, 1585) directed against a bull of Sixtus V., with many other works on law, history, politics and classical learning. His most important work, the Franco-Gallia (1573), was in advance of his age, and found favour neither with Catholics nor with Huguenots in its day; yet its vogue has been compared to that obtained later by Rousseau’s Contrat Social. It presented an ideal of Protestant statesmanship, pleading for a representative government and an elective monarchy. It served the purpose of the Jesuits in their pamphlet war against Henry IV.
See Bayle, Dictionnaire; R. Dareste, Essai sur F. Hotman (1850); E. Grégoire, in Nouvelle Biog. générale (1858). (A. Go.*)
HOT SPRINGS, a city of Arkansas, U.S.A., the county-seat of
Garland county, at the easterly base of the Ozark mountains,
55 m. by rail W.S.W. of Little Rock. Pop. (1880) 3554; (1890)
8086; (1900) 9973, of whom 3102 were of negro descent and
561 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 14,434. The transient
population numbers more than 100,000 annually. Hot Springs
is served by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Little Rock
& Hot Springs Western, and the St Louis, Iron Mountain &
Southern railways. The city lies partly in several mountain
ravines and partly on a plateau. A creek, flowing through the
valley but walled over, empties into the Ouachita river several
miles from Hot Springs. The elevation of the surrounding hills
is about 1200 ft. above the sea and 600 above the surrounding
country. The scenery is beautiful, and there is a remarkable
view from a steel tower observatory, 150 ft. high, on the top
of Hot Springs mountain. The climate is delightful. The
