of the colonies was making rapid progress, and Howe was known to be in sympathy with the colonists. He had sought the acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin, who was a friend of his sister Miss Howe, a clever eccentric woman well known in London society, and had already tried to act as a peacemaker. It was doubtless because of his known sentiments that he was selected to command in America, and was joined in commission with his brother Sir William Howe, the general at the head of the land forces, to make a conciliatory arrangement. A committee appointed by the Continental Congress conferred with the Howes in September 1776 but nothing was accomplished. The appointment of a new peace commission in 1778 offended the admiral deeply, and he sent in a resignation of his command. It was reluctantly accepted by Lord Sandwich, then First Lord, but before it could take effect France declared war, and a powerful French squadron was sent to America under the count d’Estaing. Being greatly outnumbered, Howe had to stand on the defensive, but he baffled the French admiral at Sandy Hook, and defeated his attempt to take Newport in Rhode Island by a fine combination of caution and calculated daring. On the arrival of Admiral John Byron from England with reinforcements, Howe left the station in September. Until the fall of Lord North’s ministry in 1782 he refused to serve, assigning as his reason that he could not trust Lord Sandwich. He considered that he had not been properly supported in America, and was embittered both by the supersession of himself and his brother as peace commissioners, and by attacks made on him by the ministerial writers in the press.
On the change of ministry in March 1782 he was selected to command in the Channel, and in the autumn of that year, September, October and November, he carried out the final relief of Gibraltar. It was a difficult operation, for the French and Spaniards had in all 46 line-of-battle ships to his 33, and in the exhausted state of the country it was impossible to fit his ships properly or to supply them with good crews. He was, moreover, hampered by a great convoy carrying stores. But Howe was eminent in the handling of a great multitude of ships, the enemy was awkward and unenterprising, and the operation was brilliantly carried out. From the 28th of January to the 16th of April 1783 he was First Lord of the Admiralty, and he held that post from December 1783 till August 1788, in Pitt’s first ministry. The task was no pleasant one, for he had to agree to economies where he considered that more outlay was needed, and he had to disappoint the hopes of the many officers who were left unemployed by the peace. On the outbreak of the Revolutionary war in 1793 he was again named to the command of the Channel fleet. His services in 1794 form the most glorious period of his life, for in it he won the epoch-making victory of the 1st of June (see First of June, Battle of). Though Howe was now nearly seventy, and had been trained in the old school, he displayed an originality not usual with veterans, and not excelled by any of his successors in the war, not even by Nelson, since they had his example to follow and were served by more highly trained squadrons than his. He continued to hold the nominal command by the wish of the king, but his active service was now over. In 1797 he was called on to pacify the mutineers at Spithead, and his great influence with the seamen who trusted him was conspicuously shown. He died on the 5th of August 1799, and was buried in his family vault at Langar. His monument by Flaxman is in St Paul’s Cathedral. In 1782 he was created Viscount Howe of Langar, and in 1788 Baron and Earl Howe. In June 1797 he was made a knight of the Garter. With the sailors he was always popular, though he was no popularity hunter, for they knew him to be just. His nickname of Black Dick was given on account of his swarthy complexion, and the well-known portrait by Gainsborough shows that it was apt.
Lord Howe married, on the 10th of March 1758, Mary Hartop, the daughter of Colonel Chiverton Hartop of Welby in Leicestershire, and had issue two daughters. His Irish title descended to his brother William, the general, who died childless in 1814. The earldom, and the viscounty of the United Kingdom, being limited to heirs male, became extinct, but the barony, being to heirs general, passed to his daughter, Sophia Charlotte (1762–1835), who married the Hon. Penn Assheton Curzon. Their son, Richard William Curzon (1796–1870), who succeeded his paternal grandfather as Viscount Curzon in 1820, was created Earl Howe in 1821; he was succeeded by his son, George Augustus (1821–1876), and then by another son, Richard William (1822–1900), whose son Richard George Penn Curzon-Howe (b. 1861) became 4th Earl Howe in 1900.
The standard Life is by Sir John Barrow (1838). Interesting reminiscences will be found in the Life of Codrington, by Lady Bourchier. Accounts of his professional services are in Charnock’s Biographia Navalis, v. 457, and in Ralf’s Naval Biographies, i. 83. See also Beatson’s Naval and Military Annals, James’s Naval History, and Chevalier’s Histoire de la Marine française, vols. i. and ii. (D. H.)
HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801–1876), American philanthropist,
was born at Boston, Massachusetts, on the 10th of
November 1801. His father, Joseph N. Howe, was a ship-owner
and cordage manufacturer; and his mother, Patty Gridley, was
one of the most beautiful women of her day. Young Howe was
educated at Boston and at Brown University, Providence, and in
1821 began to study medicine in Boston. But fired by enthusiasm
for the Greek revolution and by Byron’s example, he was no
sooner qualified and admitted to practice than he abandoned
these prospects and took ship for Greece, where he joined the
army and spent six years of hardship amid scenes of warfare.
Then, to raise funds for the cause, he returned to America;
his fervid appeals enabled him to collect about $60,000, which he
spent on provisions and clothing, and he established a relief depot
near Aegina, where he started works for the refugees, the existing
quay, or American Mole, being built in this way. He formed
another colony of exiles on the Isthmus of Corinth. He wrote
a History of the Greek Revolution, which was published in 1828,
and in 1831 he returned to America. Here a new object of
interest engaged him. Through his friend Dr John D. Fisher
(d. 1850), a Boston physician who had started a movement there
as early as 1826 for establishing a school for the blind, he had
learnt of the similar school founded in Paris by Valentin Haüy,
and it was proposed to Howe by a committee organized by
Fisher that he should direct the establishment of a “New
England Asylum for the Blind” at Boston. He took up the
project with characteristic ardour, and set out at once for Europe
to investigate the problem. There he was temporarily diverted
from his task by becoming mixed up with the Polish revolt, and,
in pursuit of a mission to carry American contributions across
the Prussian frontier, he was arrested and imprisoned at Berlin,
but was at last released through the intervention of the American
minister at Paris. Returning to Boston in July 1832, he began
receiving a few blind children at his father’s house in Pleasant
Street, and thus sowed the seed which grew into the famous
Perkins Institution. In January 1833 the funds available
were all spent, but so much progress had been shown that the
legislature voted $6000, later increased to $30,000 a year, to
the institution on condition that it should educate gratuitously
twenty poor blind from the state; money was also contributed
from Salem, and from Boston, and Colonel Thomas H. Perkins,
a prominent Bostonian, presented his mansion and grounds
in Pearl Street for the school to be held there in perpetuity.
This building being later found unsuitable, Colonel Perkins
consented to its sale, and in 1839 the institution was moved to
South Boston, to a large building which had previously been an
hotel. It was henceforth known as the “Perkins Institution
and Massachusetts Asylum (or, since 1877, School) for the Blind.”
Howe was director, and the life and soul of the school; he
opened a printing-office and organized a fund for printing for
the blind—the first done in America; and he was unwearied
in calling public attention to the work. The Institution, through
him, became one of the intellectual centres of American philanthropy,
and by degrees obtained more and more financial
support. In 1837 Dr Howe went still further and brought
the famous blind deaf-mute, Laura Bridgman (q.v.) to the
school.
