department is traversed by the Cordillera Occidental, and is bounded N., E. and S. by Junin and Ayacucho. Pop. (1906 official estimate) 167,840; area, 9254 sq. m. The principal industry is mining for silver and quicksilver. The best-known silver mines are the Castrovirreyna.
HUÁNUCO, a city of central Peru, capital of a department,
170 m. N.N.E. of Lima in a beautiful valley on the left bank of
the Huallaga river, nearly 6000 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1906
estimate) about 6000. The town was founded in 1539 by Gomez
Alvarado. Huánuco is celebrated for its fruits and sweetmeats,
the “chirimoya” (Anona chirimolia) of this region being the
largest and most delicious of its kind. Mining is one of the city’s
industries. Huánuco was the scene of one of the bloodthirsty
massacres of which the Chileans were guilty during their occupation
of Peruvian territory in 1881–1883. The department of
Huánuco lies immediately N. of Junin, with Ancachs on the W.
and San Martin and Loreto on the N. and E. Pop. (1906
estimate) 108,980; area, 14,028 sq. m. It lies wholly in the
Cordillera region, and is traversed from S. to N. by the Marañon
and Huallaga rivers.
HUARAZ, a city of northern Peru and capital of the department
of Ancachs, on the left bank of the Huaraz, or Santa river, about
190 m. N.N.W. of Lima and 58 m. from the coast. Pop. (1876)
4851, (1906 estimate) 6000. Huaraz is situated in a narrow
fertile valley of the Western Cordillera, at a considerable elevation
above sea-level, and has a mild climate. A railway projected
to connect Huaraz with the port of Chimbote, on the Bay of
Chimbote, a few miles S. of the mouth of the Santa river, was
completed from Chimbote to Suchimán (33 m.) in 1872, when
work was suspended for want of money. In the valley of the
Huaraz cattle are raised, and wheat, sugar and fruit, gold, silver,
copper and coal are produced. Alfalfa is grown by stock-raisers,
and the cattle raised here are among the best in the Peruvian
market. In the vicinity of Huaraz are megalithic ruins similar
to those of Tiahunaco and Cuzco, showing that the aboriginal
empire preceding the Incas extended into northern Peru.
HUARTE DE SAN JUAN, or Huarte Y Navarro, Juan
(c. 1530–1592), Spanish physician and psychologist, was born at
Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (Lower Navarre) about 1530, was
educated at the university of Huesca, where he graduated in
medicine, and, though it appears doubtful whether he practised
as a physician at Huesca, distinguished himself by his professional
skill and heroic zeal during the plague which devastated Baeza
in 1566. He died in 1592. His Examen de ingenios para las
ciencias (1575) won him a European reputation, and was translated
by Lessing. Though now superseded, Huarte’s treatise is
historically interesting as the first attempt to show the connexion
between psychology and physiology, and its acute
ingenuity is as remarkable as the boldness of its views.
HUASTECS, a tribe of North American Indians of Mayan
stock, living to the north of Vera Cruz. They are of interest to the
ethnologist as being so entirely detached from the other Mayan
tribes of Central America. The theory is that the Mayas came
from the north and that the Huastecs were left behind in the
migration southward.
HUBER, FRANÇOIS (1750–1831), Swiss naturalist, was born
at Geneva on the 2nd of July 1750. He belonged to a family
which had already made its mark in the literary and scientific
world: his great-aunt, Marie Huber (1695–1753), was known as
a voluminous writer on religious and theological subjects, and
as the translator and epitomizer of the Spectator (Amsterdam,
3 vols., 1753); and his father Jean Huber (1721–1786), who had
served for many years as a soldier, was a prominent member of
the coterie at Ferney, distinguishing himself by his Observations
sur le vol des oiseaux (Geneva, 1784). François Huber was only
fifteen years old when he began to suffer from an affection of the
eyes which gradually resulted in total blindness; but, with the
aid of his wife, Marie Aimée Lullin, and of his servant, François
Burnens, he was able to carry out investigations that laid the
foundations of our scientific knowledge of the life history of the
honey-bee. His Nouvelles Observations sur les abeilles was published
at Geneva in 1792 (Eng. trans., 1806). He assisted Jean
Senebier in his Mém. sur l’influence de l’air, &c., dans la germination
(Geneva, 1800); and he also wrote “Mém. sur l’origine de la
cire” (Bibliothèque britannique, tome xxv.), a “Lettre à M.
Pictet sur certains dangers que courent les abeilles” (Bib.
brit. xxvii), and “Nouvelles Observ. rel. au sphinx Atropos”
(Bib. brit. xxvii). He died at Lausanne on the 22nd of December
1831. De Candolle gave his name to a genus of Brazilian trees—Huberia
laurina.
Pierre Huber (1777–1840) followed in his father’s footsteps. His best-known work is Recherches sur les mœurs des fourmis indigènes (Geneva and Paris, 1810; new ed., Geneva, 1861), and he also wrote various papers on entomological subjects.
See the account of François Huber, by De Candolle, in Bibl. universelle (1832); and the notice of Pierre in Bibl. univ. (1886); also Haag, La France protestante.
HUBER, JOHANN NEPOMUK (1830–1879), German philosophical
and theological writer, a leader of the Old Catholics,
was born at Munich on the 18th of August 1830. Originally
destined for the priesthood, he early began the study of theology.
By the writings of Spinoza and Oken, however, he was strongly
drawn to philosophical pursuits, and it was in philosophy that
he “habilitated” (1854) in the university of his native place,
where he ultimately became professor (extraordinarius, 1859;
ordinarius, 1864). With Döllinger and others he attracted a
large amount of public attention in 1869 by the challenge to the
Ultramontane promoters of the Vatican council in the treatise
Der Papst und das Koncil, which appeared under the pseudonym
of “Janus,” and also in 1870 by a series of letters (Römische
Briefe, a redaction of secret reports sent from Rome during the
sitting of the council), which were published over the pseudonym
Quirinus in the Allgemeine Zeitung. He died suddenly of heart
disease at Munich on the 20th of March 1879.
Works.—The treatise Über die Willensfreiheit (1858), followed in 1859 by Die Philosophie der Kirchenväter, which was promptly placed upon the Index, and led to the prohibition of all Catholic students from attending his lectures; Johannes Scotus Erigena (1861); Die Idee der Unsterblichkeit (1864); Studien (1867); Der Proletarier; zur Orientirung in der sozialen Frage (1865); Der Jesuitenorden nach seiner Verfassung und Doctrin, Wirksamkeit und Geschichte (1873), also placed upon the Index; Der Pessimismus (1876); Die Forschung nach der Materie (1877); Zur Philosophie der Astronomie (1878); Das Gedächtnis (1878). He also published adverse criticisms of Darwin, Strauss, Hartmann and Häckel; pamphlets on Das Papsttum und der Staat (1870), and on Die Freiheiten der französischen Kirche (1871); and a volume of Kleine Schriften (1871).
See E. Zirngiebl, Johannes Huber (1881); and M. Carrière in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, xiii. (1881), and in Nord und Süd (1879).
HUBER, LUDWIG FERDINAND (1764–1804), German author,
was born in Paris on the 14th of September 1764, the son of
Michael Huber (1727–1804), who did much to promote the
study of German literature in France. In his infancy young
Huber removed with his parents to Leipzig, where he was
carefully instructed in modern languages and literature, and
showed a particular inclination for those of France and England.
In Leipzig he became intimate with Christian Gottfried Körner,
father of the poet; in Dresden Huber became engaged to Dora
Stock, sister of Körner’s betrothed, and associated with Schiller,
who was one of Körner’s stanchest friends. In 1787 he was
appointed secretary to the Saxon legation in Mainz, where he
remained until the French occupation of 1792. While here he
interested himself for the welfare of the family of his friend
Georg Forster, who, favouring republican views, had gone to
Paris, leaving his wife Therese Forster (1764–1829) and family
in destitute circumstances. Huber, enamoured of the talented
young wife, gave up his diplomatic post, broke off his engagement
to Dora Stock, removed with the Forster family to Switzerland,
and on the death of her husband in 1794 married Therese Forster.
In 1798 Huber took over the editorship of the Allgemeine Zeitung
in Stuttgart. The newspaper having been prohibited in Württemberg,
Huber continued its editorship in Ulm in 1803. He was
created “counsellor of education” for the new Bavarian province
of Swabia in the following year, but had hardly entered upon
the functions of his new office when he died on the 24th of
December 1804.
