ingenuity, the result being such musical curiosities as the Geigenwerk or Geigen-Clavicymbel of Hans Hayden of Nuremberg (c. 1600), a harpsichord in which the strings, instead of being plucked by quills, were set in vibration by friction of one of the little steel wheels, covered with parchment and well rosined, which were kept rotating by means of a large wheel and a series of cylinders worked by treadles. Other instruments of similar type were the Bogenclavier invented by Joh. Hohlfeld of Berlin in 1751 and the Bogenflügel by C. A. Meyer of Görlitz in 1794. In Adam Walker’s Celestina (1772) the friction was provided by a running band instead of a bow. (K. S.)
HURLSTONE, FREDERICK YEATES (1800–1869), English
painter, was born in London, his father being a proprietor of the
Morning Chronicle. His grand-uncle, Richard Hurlstone, had
been a well-known portrait-painter a generation earlier. F. Y.
Hurlstone studied under Sir W. Beechey, Sir T. Lawrence and
B. R. Haydon, and in 1820 became a student at the Royal
Academy, where he soon began to exhibit. In 1823 he won the
Academy’s gold medal for historical painting. In 1831 he was
elected to the Society of British Artists, of which in 1835 he
became president; it was to their exhibitions that he sent most
of his pictures, as he became a pronounced critic of the management
of the Academy. He died in London on the 10th of June
1869. His historical paintings and portraits were very numerous.
Some of the most representative are “A Venetian Page” (1824),
“The Enchantress Armida” (1831), “Eros” (1836), “Prisoner
of Chillon” (1837), “Girl of Sorrento” (1847), “Boabdil”
(1854), and his portrait of the 7th earl of Cavan (1833).
HURON (a French term, from huré, bristled, early used as
an expression of contempt, signifying “lout”), a nickname given
by the French when first in Canada to certain Indian tribes
of Iroquoian stock, occupying a territory, which similarly was
called Huronia, in Ontario, and constituting a confederation called
in their own tongue Wendat (“islanders”), which was corrupted
by the English into Yendat, Guyandotte and then Wyandot.
The name persists for the small section of “Hurons of Lorette,”
in Quebec, but the remnant of the old Huron Confederacy which
after its dispersal in the 17th century settled in Ohio and was
afterwards removed to Oklahoma is generally called Wyandot.
For their history see Wyandot, and Indians, North American
(under “Indian Wars”; Algonkian and Iroquoian).
See Handbook of American Indians (Washington, 1907), s.v. “Huron.”
HURON, the second largest of the Great Lakes of North
America, including Georgian Bay and the channel north of
Manitoulin Island, which are always associated with it. It
lies between the parallels of 43° and 46° 20′ N. and between
the meridians of 80° and 84° W., and is bounded W. by the
state of Michigan, and N. and E. by the province of Ontario,
Georgian Bay and North Channel being wholly within Canadian
territory. The main portion of the lake is 235 m. long from
the Strait of Mackinac to St Clair river, and 98 m. wide on the
45th parallel of latitude. Georgian Bay is 125 m. long, with
a greatest width of 60 m., while North Channel is 120 m. long,
with an extreme width of 16 m., the whole lake having an area
of 23,200 sq. m. The surface is 581 ft. above the sea. The
main lake reaches a depth of 802 ft.; Georgian bay shows
depths, especially near its west shore, of over 300 ft.; North
Channel has depths of 180 ft. Lake Huron is 20 ft. lower than
Lake Superior, whose waters it receives at its northern extremity
through St. Mary river, is on the same level as Lake Michigan,
which connects with its north-west extremity through the
Strait of Mackinac, and is nearly 9 ft. higher than Lake
Erie, into which it discharges at its south extremity through
St Clair river.
On the mainland, the north and east shores are of gneisses and granites of archaean age, with a broken and hilly surface rising in places to 600 ft. above the lake and giving a profusion of islands following the whole shore line from the river St Mary to Waubaushene at the extreme east end of Georgian bay. Manitoulin Island and the Saugeen Peninsula are comparatively flat and underlaid by a level bed of Trenton limestone. The southern shores, skirting the peninsula of Michigan, are flat. The rock formations are of sandstone and limestone, while the forests are either a tangled growth of pine and spruce or a scattered growth of small trees on a sandy soil. This shore is indented by Thunder bay, 78 sq. m. in area, and Saginaw bay, 50 m. deep and 26 m. wide across its mouth.
The chief tributaries of the lake on the U.S. side are Thunder bay river, Au Sable river and Saginaw river. On the Canadian side are Serpent river, Spanish river, French river, draining Lake Nipissing, Muskoka river, Severn river, draining lake Simcoe, and Nottawasaga river, all emptying into Georgian bay and North Channel, and Saugeen and Maitland rivers, flowing into the main lake. These have been or are largely used in connexion with pine lumbering operations. They, with smaller streams, drain a basin of 75,300 sq. m.
There is a slight current in Lake Huron skirting the west shore from inlet to outlet. At the south end it turns and passes up the east coast. There is also a return current south of Manitoulin Island and a current, sometimes attaining a strength of half a knot, passes into Georgian bay through the main entrance. Ice and navigation conditions and yearly levels are similar to those on the other Great Lakes (q.v.).
Practically all the United States traffic is confined to vessels passing through the main lake between Lakes Superior and Michigan and Lake Erie, but on the Canadian side are several railway termini which receive grain mostly from Lake Superior, and deliver mixed freight to ports on that lake. The chief of these are Parry Sound, Midland, Victoria Harbour, Collingwood, Owen Sound, Southampton, Kincardine, Goderich and Sarnia, at the outlet of the lake. The construction of a ship canal to connect Georgian bay with Montreal by way of French river, Lake Nipissing and Ottawa river began in 1910. A river and lake route with connecting canals, in all about 440 m. long, will be opened for vessels of 20 ft. draught at a cost estimated at £20,000,000 saving some 340 miles in the distance from Lake Superior or Lake Michigan to the sea.
There is a large fishing industry in Lake Huron, the Canadian catch being valued at over a quarter million dollars per annum. Salmon trout (Salvelinus namaycush, Walb.) and whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis, Mitchill) are the most numerous and valuable. Amongst the islands on the east shore of Georgian bay, which are greatly frequented as a summer resort, black bass (micropterus) and maskinonge (Esox nobilior, Le Sueur) are a great attraction to anglers.
See Georgian Bay and North Channel Pilot, Department of Marine and Fisheries (Ottawa, 1903); Sailing Directions for Lake Huron, Canadian Shore, Department of Marine and Fisheries (Ottawa, 1905); Bulletin No. 17, Survey of Northern and North-Western Lakes, United States, War Department (Washington, 1907); U.S. Hydrographic Office Publication, No. 108 C. Sailing Directions for Lake Huron, &c. U.S. Navy Department (Washington, 1901).
HURRICANE, a wind-storm of great force and violence,
originally as experienced in the West Indies; it is now used to
describe similar storms in other regions, except in the East
Indies and the Chinese seas, where they are generally known
as “typhoons.” Hurricane is the strongest force of wind in
the Beaufort scale. The Caribbean word huracan was introduced
by the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch explorers of the 15th and
16th centuries into many European languages, as in Span.
huracan, Portu. furacao, Ital. uracane, Fr. ouragan, and in
Swed., Ger. and Dutch as orkan, or orkaan. A “hurricane-deck”
is an upper deck on a steamer which protects the lower one,
and incidentally serves as a promenade.
HURRY (or Urry), SIR JOHN (d. 1650), British soldier,
was born in Aberdeenshire, and saw much service as a young
man in Germany. In 1641 he returned home and became
Lieut.-Colonel in a Scottish regiment. At the end of the
same year he was involved in the plot known as the “Incident.”
At the outbreak of the Civil War Hurry joined the army of the
earl of Essex, and was distinguished at Edgehill and Brentford.
Early in 1643 he deserted to the Royalists, bringing with him
information on which Rupert acted at once. Thus was brought
about the action of Chalgrove Field, where Hurry again showed
conspicuous valour; he was knighted on the same evening.
In 1644 he was with Rupert at Marston Moor, where with Lucas
he led the victorious left wing of horse. But a little later,
thinking the King’s cause lost, he again deserted, and eventually
was sent with Baillie against Montrose in the Highlands. His
