of Sevastopol. He was knighted in 1877, and nominated a Knight Commander of the Bath ten years later. He was promoted admiral in 1879. Besides being an excellent marine artist, he was the inventor of the hydraulic steering gear and the Inglefield anchor. He died on the 5th of September 1894. His son, Captain Edward Fitzmaurice Inglefield (b. 1861), became secretary of Lloyds in 1906. Sir Edward Inglefield’s brother, Rear-Admiral V. O. Inglefield, was the father of Rear-Admiral Frederick Samuel Inglefield (b. 1854), director of naval intelligence in 1902–1904, and of two other sons distinguished as soldiers.
INGLE-NOOK (from Lat. igniculus, dim. of ignis, fire), a
corner or seat by the fireside, within the chimney-breast. The
open Tudor or Jacobean fire-place was often wide enough to
admit of a wooden settle being placed at each end of the embrasure
of which it occupied the centre, and yet far enough away not to
be inconveniently hot. This was one of the means by which
the builder sought to avoid the draughts which must have been
extremely frequent in old houses. English literature is full of
references, appreciatory or regretful, to the cosy ingle-nook that
was killed by the adoption of small grates. Modern English
and American architects are, however, fond of devising them in
houses designed on ancient models, and owners of old buildings
frequently remove the modern grates and restore the original
arrangement.
INGLIS, SIR JOHN EARDLEY WILMOT (1814–1862), British
major-general, was born in Nova Scotia on the 15th of November
1814. His father was the third, and his grandfather the first,
bishop of that colony. In 1833 he joined the 32nd Foot, in which
all his regimental service was passed. In 1837 he saw active
service in Canada, and in 1848–1849 in the Punjab, being in
command at the storming of Mooltan and at the battle of Gujrat.
In 1857, on the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny, he was in
command of his regiment at Lucknow. Sir Henry Lawrence
being mortally wounded during the siege of the residency,
Inglis took command of the garrison, and maintained a successful
defence for 87 days against an overwhelming force. He was
promoted to major-general and made K.C.B. After further
active service in India, he was, in 1860, given command of the
British troops in the Ionian Islands. He died at Hamburg on
the 27th of September 1862.
INGLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1764–1835), British soldier, was born
in 1764, a member of an old Roxburghshire family. He entered
the army in 1781. After ten years in America he served in
Flanders, and in 1796 took part in the capture of St Lucia.
In 1809 he commanded a brigade in the Peninsula, taking part
in the battle of Busaco (1810) and the first siege of Badajoz.
At Albuera his regiment, the 57th, occupied a most important
position, and was exposed to a deadly fire. “Die hard! Fifty-Seventh,” cried Inglis, “Die hard!” The regiment’s answer
has gone down to history. Out of a total strength of 579, 23
officers and 415 rank and file were killed and wounded. Inglis
himself was wounded. On recovering, he saw further Peninsular
service. In two engagements his horse was shot under him.
His services were rewarded by the thanks of parliament and in
1825 he became lieutenant-general, and was made a K.C.B.
After holding the governorships of Kinsale and Cork, he was,
in 1830, appointed colonel of the 57th. He died at Ramsgate
on the 29th of November 1835.
INGOLSTADT, a fortified town of Germany, in the kingdom
of Bavaria, on the left bank of the Danube at its confluence
with the Schutter, 52 m. north of Munich, at the junction of
the main lines of railway, Munich, Bamberg and Regensburg-Augsburg.
Pop. (1900) 22,207. The principal buildings are
the old palace of the dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, now used as
an arsenal; the new palace on the Danube; the remains of
the earliest Jesuits’ college in Germany, founded in 1555; the
former university buildings, now a school; the theatre; the
large Gothic Frauenkirche, founded in 1425, with two massive
towers, containing several interesting monuments, among them
the tomb of Dr Eck, Luther’s opponent; the Franciscan convent
and nunnery; and several other churches and hospitals. Ingolstadt
possesses several technical and other schools. In 1472
a university was founded in the town by the Bavarian duke,
Louis the Rich, which at the end of the 16th century was
attended by 4000 students. In 1800 it was removed to Landshut,
whence it was transferred to Munich in 1826. Its newer public
buildings include an Evangelical church, a civil hospital, an
arsenal and an orphanage. The industries are cannon-founding,
manufacture of gunpowder and cloth, and brewing.
Ingolstadt, known as Aureatum or Chrysopolis, was a royal villa in the beginning of the 9th century, and received its charter of civic incorporation before 1255. After that date it grew in importance, and became the capital of a dukedom which merged in that of Bavaria-Munich. The fortifications, erected in 1539, were put to the test during the contests of the Reformation period and in the Thirty Years’ War. Gustavus Adolphus vainly besieged Ingolstadt in 1632, when Tilly, to whom there is a monument in the Frauenkirche, lay mortally wounded within the walls. In the War of the Spanish Succession it was besieged by the margrave of Baden in 1704. In 1743 it was surrendered by the French to the Austrians, and in 1800, after three months’ siege, the French, under General Moreau, took the town, and dismantled the fortifications. They were rebuilt on a much larger scale under King Louis I., and since 1870 Ingolstadt has ranked as a fortress of the first class. In 1872 even more important fortifications were constructed, which include têtes-de-pont with round towers of massive masonry, and the redoubt Tilly on the right bank of the river.
See Gerstner, Geschichte der Stadt Ingolstadt (Munich, 1853); and Prantl, Geschichte der Ludwig Maximilians Universität (Munich, 1872).
INGOT, originally a mould for the casting of metals, but now
a mass of metal cast in a mould, and particularly the small
bars of the precious metals, cast in the shape of an oblong
brick or wedge with slightly sloping sides, in which form gold
and silver are handled as bullion at the Bank of England and
the Mint. Ingots of varying sizes and shapes are cast of other
metals, and “ingot-steel” and “ingot-iron” are technical
terms in the manufacture of iron and steel (see Iron and Steel).
The word is obscure in origin. It occurs in Chaucer (“The Canon’s
Yeoman’s Tale”) as a term of alchemy, in the original sense of a
mould for casting metal, and, as the New English Dictionary
points out, an English origin for such a term is unlikely. It
may, however, be derived from in and the O. Eng. géotan
to pour; cf. Ger. giessen and Einguss, a mould. The Fr.
lingot, with the second English meaning only, has been taken
as the origin of “ingot” and derived from the Lat. lingua,
tongue—with a supposed reference to the shape. This derivation is
wrong, and French etymologists have now accepted the
English origin for the word, lingot having coalesced from l’ingot.
INGRAM, JAMES (1774–1850), English antiquarian and
Anglo-Saxon scholar, was born near Salisbury on the 21st of
December 1774. He was educated at Warminster and Winchester
schools and at Trinity College, Oxford, of which he became a
fellow in 1803. From 1803 to 1808 he was Rawlinsonian professor
of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford, and in 1824 was made President
of Trinity College and D.D. His time, however, was principally
spent in antiquarian research, and especially in the study of
Anglo-Saxon, in which field he was the pre-eminent scholar
of his time. He published in 1823 an edition of the Saxon
Chronicle. His other works include admirable Memorials of
Oxford (1832–1837), and The Church in the Middle Centuries
(1842). He died on the 5th of September 1850.
INGRAM, JOHN KELLS (1823–1907), Irish scholar and
economist, was born in Co. Donegal, Ireland, on the 7th of
July 1823. Educated at Newry School and Trinity College,
Dublin, he was elected a fellow of his college in 1846. He held
the professorship of Oratory and English Literature in Dublin
University from 1852 to 1866, when he became regius professor
of Greek. In 1879 he was appointed librarian. Ingram was
remarkable for his versatility. In his undergraduate days he
had written the well-known poem “Who fears to speak of Ninety-eight?”
and his Sonnets and other Poems (1900) reveal the
