use has been in connexion with the doctrine of “benefit of inventory,” derived by many legal systems from the beneficium inventarii of Roman law, according to which an heir might enter on his ancestor’s inheritance without being liable for the debts attaching to it or to the claims of legatees beyond the value—previously ascertained by “inventory”—of the estate. The benefit of inventory exists in Scots law, in France (bénéfice d’inventaire), in Italy, Mauritius (Civil Code, Art. 774), Quebec (Civil Code, Art. 660), St Lucia (Civil Code, Art. 585), Louisiana (Civil Code, Arts. 1025 et seq.), and under the Roman Dutch law in Ceylon. In South Africa benefit of inventory is superseded by local legislation.
(ii.) In many systems of law, the duty is imposed on executors and administrators of making an “inventory” of the estate of the testator or intestate, in order to secure the property to the persons entitled to it. In England this duty was created by statute in 1529. In modern practice an inventory is not made unless called for, but the court may order it ex officio, and will do so on the application of any really interested party. Similar provisions for an inventory of the estate of deceased persons are made in Scots law (Probate and Legacy Duties Act 1808 (s. 38), and Executors (Scotland) Act 1900 (s. 5), and in most of the British colonies. In Scotland, prior to the Finance Act 1894 (which imposed a tax, called “estate duty,” on the principal value of all property, heritable or movable, passing on death), the stamp duty on movable property was termed “inventory duty.”
In the United States, the duty of preparing an inventory is generally imposed on executors and administrators; see Kent, Commentaries on American Law (new ed., 1896), ii. 414, 415; and cf. Gen. Stats. of Connecticut, 1888, s. 578; New York Stats. s. 2714; New Jersey (Orphans Court, s. 58).
(iii.) An analogous duty of preparing an “inventory” is imposed in many countries on guardians and curators. In Scotland judicial factors are charged with a similar statutory duty (Act of Sederunt, Nov. 25th, 1857, under the Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1856) as regards the estate of insolvent debtors.
(iv.) In Scots law, the term “inventory” is also applied to a list of documents made up for any purpose, e.g. the inventory of process or the inventory of documents, in an action, and the inventory of title-deeds produced on a judicial sale of lands.
(v.) In England an “inventory” of the personal chattels comprised in the security is required to be annexed to a bill of sale (Bills of Sale Act 1882, s. 5). See also Executors and Administrators.
INVERARAY, a royal and municipal burgh, the county town
of Argyllshire, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 1369. It lies on the
southern shore of a bay, where the river Aray enters Loch Fyne,
40 m. directly N.W. of Glasgow, and 85 m. by water. The town
consists of one street running east and west, and a row of houses
facing the bay. Near the church stands an obelisk in memory
of the Campbells who were hanged, untried, for their share in the
Argyll expedition of 1685 in connexion with the duke of Monmouth’s
rebellion. The ancient market-cross, 8 ft. high, supposed
to have been brought from Iona in 1472, is a beautiful
specimen of the Scottish sculptured stones. The chief industry
is the herring fishery, the herring of Loch Fyne being celebrated.
The town originally stood on the north side of the bay, clustering
round the ancient baronial hold, attributed to Sir Colin Campbell
of Lochow, “the Singular,” who flourished at the end of the
14th century, but it was removed to its present site in the
middle of the 18th century. Inveraray was erected into a burgh
of barony in 1472; and Charles I., while a prisoner in Carisbrooke
Castle, raised it to a royal burgh in 1648. Much has been done
for it by the ducal house of Argyll, whose seat, Inveraray Castle,
is about 1 m. from the town. This handsome square structure,
built between 1744 and 1761 from designs by Robert Adam,
consists of two storeys, with a round overtopping tower at each
corner. Some fine tapestry and valuable relics were destroyed
by fire in 1877, but the damage to the castle was repaired in
1880. The earls and dukes of Argyll were great planters of
trees—mainly larch, spruce, silver fir and New England pines—and
their estates around Inveraray are consequently among
the most luxuriantly wooded in the Highlands. Duniquoich,
a finely timbered conical hill about 900 ft. high, adjoins the
castle on the north and is a picturesque landmark.
INVERCARGILL, the chief town of Southland county, South
Island, New Zealand, 139 m. by rail S.W. by W. from Dunedin.
Pop. (1906) 7299. It lies on a deep estuary of the south coast
named New River Harbour, which receives several streams
famous for trout-fishing. It is the centre of the large grazing
and farming district of Southland; and has a number of factories,
including breweries, foundries, woollen mills and timber-works.
The plan of the town is rectangular, with wide streets; and there
is a fine open reserve. The harbour is deep and well sheltered,
but the greater part of the trade passes through the neighbouring
Bluff Harbour, on which is Campbelltown, 17 m. S. of Invercargill
by rail. Bluff Harbour is the port of call and departure for
steamers for Melbourne and Hobart. Exports are wool, preserved
meat and timber. The district of Southland was surveyed in
1841, but was reported unfavourable, and settlement was
delayed till 1857. Southland was a separate province between
1860 and 1870, but, failing financially as such, rejoined the
parent province of Otago. Invercargill became a municipality
in 1871, and there are five suburban municipalities. The town
is the regular starting-point of a journey to the famous lakes
Wakatipu and Te Anau, which are approached by rail.
INVERELL, a town of Gough county, New South Wales,
Australia, on the Macintyre river, 341 m. N. of Sydney, with
which it is connected by rail. Pop. (1901) 3293. It is the centre
of a prosperous agricultural district producing, chiefly, wheat
and maize; the vine is also largely grown and excellent wine is
made. Silver, tin and diamond mines are worked near the town.
Inverell became a municipality in 1872.
INVERKEITHING, a royal and police burgh of Fifeshire,
Scotland. Pop. (1901) 1676. It is situated on an inner bay of
the shore of the Firth of Forth, 312 m. S.E. of Dunfermline and
1314 m. N.W. of Edinburgh by the North British railway, via
the Forth Bridge. The chief industries are tanning, shipbuilding,
milling, paper-making, rope-making and brick-making. With
Stirling, Dunfermline, Culross and Queensferry, Inverkeithing
returns one member to parliament (the Stirling district burghs).
It received its charter from David I. St Peter’s, the parish
church, dates from the 12th century, but having been nearly
destroyed by fire was rebuilt in 1826 in the Gothic style, the
ancient tower, however, being preserved. Sir Samuel Greig, the
father of the Russian navy and designer of the fortifications at
Cronstadt, was born at Inverkeithing in 1735. About half-way
towards Dunfermline the battle of Inverkeithing or Pitreavie
took place on the 20th of July 1650, when Cromwell’s forces
defeated the Royalists. A mile and a half to the south lies
North Queensferry (pop. 594), the first railway station on the
north side of the Forth Bridge. A little to the west lies the bay
of St Margaret’s Hope, which in 1903 was acquired by the
government as the site for the naval base of Rosyth, so named
from the neighbouring ruined castle of Rosyth, once the residence
of Queen Margaret, wife of Malcolm Canmore. On the west
side of the Forth Bridge, in the fairway, lies the rocky islet of
Bimar with a lighthouse, and immediately to the east is the
island of Inchgarvie (Gaelic, “the rough island”), which
once contained a castle used as a State prison, the ruins of which
were removed to make way for one of the piers of the Forth
Bridge.
INVERNESS, a royal, municipal and police burgh, seaport
and county town of Inverness-shire, Scotland. Pop. (1891),
19,303; (1901) 21,238. It lies on both banks, though principally
on the right, of the Ness; and is 118 m. N. of Perth by the
Highland railway. Owing to its situation at the north-eastern
extremity of Glen More, the beauty of its environment and
its fine buildings, it is held to be the capital of the Highlands;
and throughout the summer it is the headquarters of an immense
tourist traffic. The present castle, designed by William Burn
(1789–1870), dates from 1835, and is a picturesque structure
effectively placed on a hill by the river’s side; it contains the
court and county offices. Of the churches, the High or Parish