is another great source of revenue, and the exploitation of the forests gives beech and oak timber (good for shipbuilding), gall-nuts, oak-bark and cork. Fishing, the recovery of salt from the sea-water, and shipbuilding constitute the other principal occupations of the population. Istria had in 1900 a population of 344,173, equivalent to 180 inhabitants per square mile. Two-thirds of the population were Slavs and the remainder Italians, while nearly the whole of the inhabitants (99.6%) were Roman Catholics, under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of three bishops. The local Diet, which meets at Parenzo, and of which the three bishops are members ex-officio, is composed of 33 members, and Istria sends 5 deputies to the Reichsrat at Vienna. For administrative purposes the province is divided into 6 districts and an autonomous municipality, Rovigno (pop. 10,205). Other important places are Pola (45,052), Capodistria (10,711), Pinguente (15,827), Albona (10,968), Isola (7500), Parenzo (9962), Dignano (9684), Castua (17,988), Pirano (13,339) and Mitterburg (16,056).
The modern Istria occupies the same position as the ancient Istria or Histria, known to the Romans as the abode of a fierce tribe of Illyrian pirates. It owed its name to an old belief that the Danube (Ister, in Greek) discharged some of its water by an arm entering the Adriatic in that region. The Istrians, protected by the difficult navigation of their rocky coasts, were only subdued by the Romans in 177 B.C. after two wars. Under Augustus the greater part of the peninsula was added to Italy, and, when the seat of empire was removed to Ravenna, Istria reaped many benefits from the proximity of the capital. After the fall of the Western empire it was pillaged by the Longobardi and the Goths; it was annexed to the Frankish kingdom by Pippin in 789; and about the middle of the 10th century it fell into the hands of the dukes of Carinthia. Fortune after that, however, led it successively through the hands of the dukes of Meran, the duke of Bavaria and the patriarch of Aquileia, to the republic of Venice. Under this rule it remained till the peace of Campo Formio in 1797, when Austria acquired it, and added it to the north-eastern part which had fallen to her share so early as 1374. By the peace of Pressburg, Austria was in 1805 compelled to cede Istria to France, and the department of Istria was formed; but in 1813 Austria again seized it, and has retained it ever since.
See T. G. Jackson, Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria (Oxford, 1887).
ISYLLUS, a Greek poet, whose name was rediscovered in the
course of excavations on the site of the temple of Asclepius
at Epidaurus. An inscription was found engraved on stone,
consisting of 72 lines of verse (trochaic tetrameters, hexameters,
ionics), mainly in the Doric dialect. It is preceded by two lines
of prose stating that the author was Isyllus, an Epidaurian, and
that it was dedicated to Asclepius and Apollo of Malea. It
contains a few political remarks, showing general sympathy with
an aristocratic form of government; a self-congratulatory notice
of the resolution, passed at the poet’s instigation, to arrange a
solemn procession in honour of the two gods; a paean (no doubt
for use in the procession), chiefly occupied with the genealogical
relations of Apollo and Asclepius; a poem of thanks for the
assistance rendered to Sparta by Asclepius against Philip, when
he led an army against Sparta to put down the monarchy. The
offer of assistance was made by the god himself to the youthful
poet, who had entered the Asclepieum to pray for recovery from
illness, and communicated the good news to the Spartans. The
Philip referred to is identified with (a) Philip II. of Macedon, who
invaded Peloponnesus after the battle of Chaeronea in 338,
or (b) with Philip III., who undertook a similar campaign in 218.
Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, who characterizes Isyllus as a “poetaster without talent and a farcical politician,” has written an elaborate treatise on him (Kiessling and Möllendorff, Philosophische Untersuchungen, Heft 9, 1886), containing the text with notes, and essays on the political condition of Peloponnesus and the cult of Asclepius. The inscription was first edited by P. Kavvadias (1885), and by J. F. Baunack in Studien auf dem Gebiete der griechischen und der arischen Sprachen (1886).
ITACOLUMITE, the name given to a variety of porous yellow
sandstone or quartzose schist, which occurs at Itacolumi, in the
southern portion of Minas Geraes, Brazil. This rock is of interest
for two reasons; it is believed to be the source of the diamonds
which are found in great numbers in the district, and it is the
best and most widely known example of a flexible sandstone.
Itacolumite is yellow or pale-brown, and splits readily into thin
flat slabs. It is a member of a metamorphic series, being accompanied
by clay-slate, mica schist, hornblende schist and various
types of ferriferous schists. In many places itacolumite is really a coarse grit or fine conglomerate. Other quartzites occur in the
district, and there is some doubt whether the diamantiferous
sandstones are always itacolumites and also as to the exact
manner in which the presence of diamond in these rocks is to be
accounted for. Some authorities hold that the diamond has been
formed in certain quartz veins which traverse the itacolumite.
It is clear, however, that the diamonds are found only in those
streams which contain the detritus of this rock.
On the split faces of the slabs, scales of greenish mica are visible, but in other respects the rock seems to be remarkably pure. If a piece which is a foot or two long and half an inch thick be supported at its ends it will gradually bend by its own weight. If it then be turned over it will straighten and bend in the opposite direction. Flakes a millimetre or two thick can be bent between the fingers and are said to give out a creaking sound. It should be noted that specimens showing this property form only a small part of the whole mass of the rock. Flexible rocks have also been reported and described from North and South Carolina, Georgia, Delhi, and from the north of England (Durham). They are mostly sandstones or quartzites, but the Durham rock is a variety of the magnesian limestone of that district.
Some discussion has taken place regarding the cause of the flexibility. At one time it was ascribed to the presence of thin scales of mica which were believed to permit a certain amount of motion between adjacent grains of quartz. More probably, however it is due to the porous character of the rock together with the interlocking junctions between the sand grains. The porosity allows interstitial movement, while the hinge-like joints by which the particles are connected hold them together in spite of the displacement. These features are dependent to some extent on weathering, as the rocks contain perishable constituents which are removed and leave open cavities in their place, while at the same time additional silica may have been deposited on the quartz grains fitting their irregular surfaces more perfectly together. Most of the known flexible rocks are also fine-grained; in some cases they are said to lose their flexibility after being dried for some time, probably because of the hardening of some interstitial substance, but many specimens kept in a dry atmosphere for years retain this property in a high degree. (J. S. F.)
ITAGAKI, TAISUKE, Count (1837– ), Japanese statesman,
was born in Tosa in 1837. He distinguished himself originally as
one of the soldier politicians who contributed so much to the
overthrow of feudalism and the restoration of the administrative
power to the throne. After taking a prominent part in subduing
the resistance offered by a section of the shogun’s feudatories to
those changes, he received cabinet rank in the newly organized
system. But in 1873 he resigned his portfolio as a protest against
the ministry’s resolve to refrain from warlike action against
Korea. This incident inspired Itagaki with an apprehension
that the country was about to pass under the yoke of a bureaucratic
government. He became thenceforth a warm advocate of constitutional systems, though at the outset he does not seem to
have contemplated anything like a popular assembly in the English
sense of the term, his ideas being limited to the enfranchisement
of the samurai class. Failing to obtain currency for his radical propaganda, he retired to his native province, and there established a school (the Risshi-sha) for teaching the principles of government by the people, thus earning for himself the epithet
of “the Rousseau of Japan.” His example found imitators. Not only did pupils flock to Tosa from many quarters, attracted alike by the novelty of Itagaki’s doctrines, by his eloquence and by his transparent sincerity, but also similar schools sprang up among the former vassals of other fiefs, who saw themselves excluded from the government. In 1875 no less than seven of these schools sent deputies to hold a convention in Osaka, and for a moment an appeal to force seemed possible. But the statesmen in power were not less favourable to constitutional institutions than the members of the Aikoku Kō-tō (public party of patriots), as Itagaki and his followers called themselves. A conference attended by Kido, Okubo, Inouye, Ito, Itagaki and others
