was his investigation of the Nile-Congo watershed, when he successfully combated Georg Schweinfurth’s hydrographical theories and established the identity of the Welle and Ubangi. The Mahdist rising prevented his return to Europe through the Sudan, as he had planned to do, in 1884, and an expedition, fitted out in 1885 by his brother in St Petersburg, failed to reach him. Junker then determined to go south. Leaving Wadelai on the 2nd of January 1886 he travelled by way of Uganda and Tabora and reached Zanzibar in December 1886. In 1887 he received the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society. As an explorer Junker is entitled to high rank, his ethnographical observations in the Niam-Niam (Azandeh) country being especially valuable. He died at St Petersburg on the 13th of February 1892.
See the biographical notice by E. G. Ravenstein in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society (1892), pp. 185–187.
JUNKET, a dish of milk curdled by rennet, served with
clotted cream and flavoured with nutmeg, which is particularly
associated in England with Devonshire and Cornwall. The
word is of somewhat obscure history. It appears to come
through O. Fr. jonquette, a rush-basket, from Lat. juncus, rush.
In Norman dialect this word is used of a cream cheese. The
commonly accepted origin is that it refers to the rush-basket on
which such cream cheeses or curds were served. Juncade
appears in Rabelais, and is explained by Cotgrave as “spoon-meat,
rose-water and sugar.” Nicholas Udall (in his translation
of Erasmus’s Apophthegms, 1542) speaks of “marchepaines or
wafers with other like junkerie.” The word “junket” is also
used for a festivity or picnic.
JUNO, the chief Roman and Latin goddess, and the special
object of worship by women at all the critical moments of life.
The etymology of the name is not certain, but it is usually taken
as a shortened form of Jovino, answering to Jovis, from a root
div, shining. Under Greek influence Juno was early identified
with the Greek Hera, with whose cult and characteristics she has
much in common; thus the Juno with whom we are familiar
in Latin literature is not the true Roman deity. In the Aeneid,
for example, her policy is antagonistic to the plans of Jupiter
for the conquest of Latium and the future greatness of Rome;
though in the fourth Eclogue, as Lucina, she appears in her proper
rôle as assisting at childbirth. It was under Greek influence
again that she became the wife of Jupiter, the mother of Mars;
the true Roman had no such personal interest in his deities as to
invent family relations for them.
That Juno was especially a deity of women, and represents in a sense the female principle of life, is seen in the fact that as every man had his genius, so every woman had her Juno; and the goddess herself may have been a development of this conception. The various forms of her cult all show her in close connexion with women. As Juno Lucina she was invoked in childbirth, and on the 1st of March, the old Roman New Year’s day, the matrons met and made offerings at her temple in a grove on the Esquiline; hence the day was known as the Matronalia. As Caprotina she was especially worshipped by female slaves on the 7th of July (Nonae Caprotinae); as Sospita she was invoked all over Latium as the saviour of women in their perils, and later as the saviour of the state; and under a number of other titles, Cinxia, Unxia, Pronuba, &c., we find her taking a leading part in the ritual of marriage. Her real or supposed connexion with the moon is explained by the alleged influence of the moon on the lives of women; thus she became the deity of the Kalends, or day of the new moon, when the regina sacrorum offered a lamb to her in the regia, and her husband the rex made known to the people the day on which the Nones would fall. Thus she is brought into close relation with Janus, who also was worshipped on the Kalends by the rex sacrorum, and it may be that in the oldest Roman religion these two were more closely connected than Juno and Jupiter. But in historical times she was associated with Jupiter in the great temple on the Capitoline hill as Juno Regina, the queen of all Junones or queen of heaven, as Jupiter there was Optimus Maximus (see Jupiter), and under the same title she was enticed from Veii after its capture in 392 B.C., and settled in a temple on the Aventine. Thus exalted above all other female deities, she was prepared for that identification with Hera which was alluded to above. That she was in some sense a deity of light seems certain; as Lucina, e.g., she introduced new-born infants “in luminis oras.”
See Roscher’s article “Juno” in his Lexicon of Mythology, and his earlier treatise on Juno and Hera; Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer, 113 foll.; also a fresh discussion by Walter Otto in Philologus for 1905 (p. 161 foll.). (W. W. F.*)
JUNOT, ANDOCHE, Duke of Abrantes (1771–1813), French
general, was born at Bussy-le-Grand (Côte d’Or), on the 23rd
of October 1771. He went to school at Chatillon, and was known
among his comrades as a blustering but lovable creature, with a
pugnacious disposition. He was studying law in Paris at the
outbreak of the Revolution and joined a volunteer battalion.
He distinguished himself by his valour in the first year of the
Revolutionary wars, and came under the special notice of
Napoleon Bonaparte during the siege of Toulon, while serving
as his secretary. It is related that as he was taking down a
despatch, a shell burst hard by and covered the paper with sand,
whereupon he exclaimed, “Bien! nous n’avions pas de sable
pour sécher l’encre! en voici!” He remained the faithful
companion of his chief during the latter’s temporary disgrace,
and went with him to Italy as aide-de-camp. He distinguished
himself so much at the battle of Millesimo that he was selected
to carry back the captured colours to Paris; returning to Italy
he went through the campaign with honour, but was badly
wounded in the head at Lonato. Many rash incidents in his
career may be traced to this wound, from which he never completely
recovered. During the expedition to Egypt he became
a general of brigade. His devotion to Bonaparte involved him
in a duel with General Lanusse, in which he was again wounded.
He had to be left in Egypt to recover, and in crossing to France
was captured by English cruisers. On his return to France he
was made commandant of Paris, and afterwards promoted
general of division. It was at this time that he married Laure
Permon (see Junot, Laure). He next served at Arras in command
of the grenadiers of the army destined for the invasion of
England, and made some alterations in the equipment of the
troops which received the praise of the emperor. It was,
however, a bitter mortification that he was not appointed a
marshal of France when he received the grand cross of the
legion of honour. He was made colonel-general of hussars
instead and sent as ambassador to Lisbon, his entry into which
city resembled a royal progress. But he was so restless and dissatisfied
in the Portuguese capital that he set out, without leave,
for the army of Napoleon, with which he took part in the battle
of Austerlitz, behaving with his usual courage and zeal. But
he soon gave fresh offence. Although his early devotion was
never forgotten by the emperor, his uncertain temper and want of
self-control made it dangerous to employ him at court or headquarters,
and he was sent to Parma to put down an insurrection
and to be out of the way. In 1806 he was recalled and became
governor of Paris. His extravagance and prodigality shocked
the government, and some rumours of an intrigue with a lady
of the imperial family—it is said Pauline Bonaparte—made it
desirable again to send him away. He was therefore appointed
to lead an invading force into Portugal. For the first time
Junot had a great task to perform, and only his own resources to
fall back upon for its achievement. Early in November 1807
he set out from Salamanca, crossed the mountains of Beira,
rallied his wearied forces at Abrantes, and, with 1500 men,
dashed upon Lisbon, in order, if possible, to seize the Portuguese
fleet, which had, however, just sailed away with the regent and
court to Brazil. The whole movement only took a month;
it was undoubtedly bold and well-conducted, and Junot was
made duke of Abrantes and invested with the governorship
of Portugal. But administration was his weak point. He was
not a civil governor, but a sabreur, brave, truculent, and also
dissipated and rapacious, though in the last respect he was far
from being the worst offender amongst the French generals in
Spain. His hold on Portugal was never supported by a really
adequate force, and his own conduct, which resembled that of
