excellent system of metre-gauge railways has been provided at the cost of the leading states. Maritime trade is also very active, the chief ports being Porbandar, Mangrol and Verawal. In 1903–1904 the total sea-borne exports were valued at £1,300,000, and the imports at £1,120,000. The progressive prosperity of Kathiawar received a shock from the famine of 1899–1900, which was felt everywhere with extreme severity.
KATKOV, MICHAEL NIKIFOROVICH (1818–1887), Russian
journalist, was born in Moscow in 1818. On finishing his course
at the university he devoted himself to literature and philosophy,
and showed so little individuality that during the reign of
Nicholas I. he never once came into disagreeable contact with the
authorities. With the Liberal reaction and strong reform movement
which characterized the earlier years of Alexander II.’s reign
(1855–1881) he thoroughly sympathized, and for some time he
warmly advocated the introduction of liberal institutions of the
British type, but when he perceived that the agitation was assuming
a Socialistic and Nihilist tinge, and that in some quarters of
the Liberal camp indulgence was being shown to Polish national
aspirations, he gradually modified his attitude until he came to
be regarded by the Liberals as a renegade. At the beginning of
1863 he assumed the management and editorship of the Moscow
Gazette, and he retained that position till his death in 1887.
During these twenty-four years he exercised considerable influence
on public opinion and even on the Government, by representing
with great ability the moderately Conservative spirit
of Moscow in opposition to the occasionally ultra-Liberal and
always cosmopolitan spirit of St Petersburg. With the Slavophils
he agreed in advocating the extension of Russian influence
in south-eastern Europe, but he carefully kept aloof from them
and condemned their archaeological and ecclesiastical sentimentality.
Though generally temperate in his views, he was
extremely incisive and often violent in his modes of expressing
them, so that he made many enemies and sometimes incurred
the displeasure of the press-censure and the ministers, against
which he was more than once protected by Alexander III. in
consideration of his able advocacy of national interests. He is
remembered chiefly as an energetic opponent of Polish national
aspirations, of extreme Liberalism, of the system of public
instruction based on natural science, and of German political
influence. In this last capacity he helped to prepare the way
for the Franco-Russian alliance.
KATMANDU (less correctly Khatmandu), the capital of the
state of Nepal, India, situated on the bank of the Vishnumati
river at its confluence with the Baghmati, in 27° 36′ N., 85° 24′ E.
The town, which is said to have been founded about 723, contains
a population estimated at 70,000, occupying 5000 houses made
of brick, and usually from two to four storeys high. Many of
the houses have large projecting wooden windows or balconies,
richly carved. The maharaja’s palace, a huge, rambling, ungainly
building, stands in the centre of the town, which also
contains numerous temples. One of these, a wooden building
in the centre of the town, gives it its name (kat = wood).
The streets are extremely narrow, and the whole town very
dirty. A British resident is stationed about a mile north of the
town.
KATO, TAKA-AKIRA (1859– ), Japanese statesman, was
born at Nagoya, and commenced life as an employee in the great
firm of Mitsu Bishi. In 1887 he became private secretary to
Count Okuma, minister of state for foreign affairs. Subsequently
he served as director of a bureau in the finance department,
and from 1894 to 1899 he represented his country at the
court of St James. He received the portfolio of foreign affairs
in the fourth Ito cabinet (1900–1901), which remained in office
only a few months. Appointed again to the same position in the
Saionji cabinet (1906), he resigned after a brief interval, being
opposed to the nationalization of the private railways, which
measure the cabinet approved. He then remained without
office until 1908, when he again accepted the post of ambassador
in London. He was decorated with the grand cross of St Michael
and St George, and earned the reputation of being one of the
strongest men among the junior statesmen.
KATRINE, LOCH, a fresh-water lake of Scotland, lying almost
entirely in Perthshire. The boundary between the counties of
Perth and Stirling runs from Glengyle, at the head of the lake,
down the centre to a point opposite Stronachlachar from which
it strikes to the south-western shore towards Loch Arklet. The
loch, which has a south-easterly trend, is about 8 m. long, and
its greatest breadth is 1 m. It lies 364 ft. above the sea-level.
It occupies an area of 434 square miles and has a drainage
basin of 3712 square miles. The average depth is 142 ft.,
the greatest depth being 495 ft. The average annual rainfall is
78 inches. The mean temperature at the surface is 56.4° F., and
at the bottom 41° F. The scenery has been immortalized in Sir
Walter Scott’s Lady of the Lake. The surrounding hills are of
considerable altitude, the most remarkable being the head of
Ben A’an (1750 ft.) and the grassy craigs and broken contour
of Ben Venue (2393 ft.). It is fed by the Gyle and numerous
burns, and drained by the Achray to Loch Achray and thence
by the Black Avon to Loch Vennacher. Since 1859 it has
formed the chief source of the water-supply of Glasgow, the
aqueduct leaving the lake about 112 m. S.E. of Stronachlachar.
By powers obtained in 1885 the level of the lake was increased
by 5 ft. by a system of sluices regulating the outflow of the
Achray. One result of this damming up has been to submerge
the Silver Strand and to curtail the dimensions of Ellen’s Isle.
The principal points on the shores are Glengyle, formerly a fastness of the Macgregors, the Trossachs, the Goblins’ Cave on Ben Venue, and Stronachlachar (Gaelic, “the mason’s nose”), from
which there is a ferry to Coilachra on the opposite side. A road
has been constructed from the Trossachs for nearly six miles
along the northern shore. During summer steamers ply between
the Trossachs and Stronachlachar and there is a daily
service of coaches from the Trossachs to Callander (about 10 m.)
and to Aberfoyle (9 m.), and between Stronachlachar, to Inversnaid on Loch Lomond (about 412 m.). The road to Inversnaid
runs through the Macgregors’ country referred to in Scott’s
Rob Roy.
KATSENA, an ancient state of the western Sudan, now included
in the province of Kano in the British protectorate of
Northern Nigeria. Katsena was amongst the oldest of the Hausa
states. There exist manuscripts which carry back its history
for about 1000 years and tradition ascribes the origin of the
Hausa population, which is known also by the name of Habe or
Habeche, to the union of Bajibda of Bagdad with a prehistoric
queen of Daura. The conquest of the Habe of Katsena by the
Fula about the beginning of the 19th century made little difference
to the country. The more cultivated Habe were already
Mahommedan and the new rulers adopted the existing customs
and system of government. These were in many respects highly
developed and included elaborate systems of taxation and
justice.
The capital of the administrative district is a town of the same name, in 13° N., 7° 41′ E., being 160 m. E. by S. of the city of Sokoto, and 84 m. N.W. of Kano. The walls of Katsena have a circuit of between 13 and 14 miles, but only a small part of the enclosed space is inhabited. In the 17th and 18th centuries it appears to have been the largest town in the Hausa countries, and its inhabitants at that time numbered some 100,000. The date of the foundation of the present town must be comparatively modern, for it is believed to have been moved from its ancient site and at the time of Leo Africanus (c. 1513) there was no place of any considerable size in the province of Katsena. Before that period Katsena boasted of being the chief seat of learning throughout the Hausa states and this reputation was maintained to the time of the Fula conquest. In the beginning of the 19th century the town fell into the hands of the Fula, but only after a protracted and heroic defence. In March 1903 Sir F. Lugard visited Katsena on his way from Sokoto and the emir and chiefs accepted British suzerainty without fighting. The Katsena district has since formed an administrative district in the double province of Kano and Katagum. The emir was unfaithful to his oath of allegiance to the British crown, and was deposed in 1904. His successor was installed and took the oath of allegiance
