1824 the town was famous for the production of a special kind of porcelain.
See Belschner, Ludwigsburg in zwei Jahrhunderten (Ludwigsburg, 1904).
LUDWIGSHAFEN, a town of Germany, in the Bavarian
Palatinate, on the left bank of the Rhine, immediately opposite
to Mannheim, with which it is connected by a steam ferry and
a railway bridge. Pop. (1885) 21,042, (1900) 61,905, (1905)
72,168. It has an increasing trade in iron, timber, coal and
agricultural products, a trade which is fostered by a harbour
opened in 1897; and also large factories for making aniline dyes
and soda. Other industries are the manufacture of cellulose,
artificial manure, flour and malt; and there are saw-mills, iron
foundries and breweries in the town. The place, which was
founded in 1843 by Louis I., king of Bavaria, was only made a
town in 1859.
See J. Esselborn, Geschichte der Stadt Ludwigshafen (Ludwigshafen, 1888).
LUDWIGSLUST, a town of Germany, in the grand-duchy of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 22 m. by rail S. by E. of Schwerin.
Pop. (1905) 6728. The castle was built by the duke of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Frederick II., in 1772–1776. There is
also another ducal residence, a fine park and a monument of
the grand duke, Frederick Francis I. (d. 1837). The town has
a church constructed on the model of a Greek temple. It has
manufactures of chemicals and other small industries. Ludwigslust
was founded by the duke Frederick, being named
after this duke’s father, Christian Louis II. It became a town
in 1876.
LUG, a verb meaning to pull a heavy object, to drag, now
mainly used colloquially. It is probably Scandinavian in origin;
the Swedish lugg, forelock, lock of hair, gives lugga, to pull,
tug; and “lug” in some north-eastern English dialects is still
chiefly used in the sense of pulling a person’s hair. “Luggage,”
passengers’ baggage, means by origin that which has to be
“lugged” about. The Scandinavian word may be also the
source of “lug,” in the sense of “ear,” in Scotland the regular
dialectical word, and in English commonly applied to the ear-shaped
handles of metal or earthenware pots, pitchers, &c. If
so the word means something that can be pulled or tugged. This
is also possibly the origin of the “lug” or “lug-sail,” a four-sided
sail attached to a yard which is hung obliquely to the mast,
whence probably the name “lugger” of a sailing-vessel with
two or three masts and fore and aft lug-sails. The word may,
however, be connected with the Dutch logger, a fishing-boat
using drag-nets. “Lug” is also the name of a marine worm,
Arenicola marina, used as bait.
LUGANO (Ger. Lauis), the most populous and most thriving
town in the Swiss canton of Ticino or Tessin, situated (906 ft.)
on the northern shore of the lake of Lugano. Pop. (1900) 9394,
almost all Italian-speaking and Romanists. To the S. it
is dominated by the Monte Salvatore (3004 ft.) and on the
S.E. (across the lake) by the Monte Generoso (5591 ft.)—a
magnificent view point. Both mountains are accessible by
railways. By rail Lugano is 124 m. from Lucerne and 5112 m.
from Milan. Situated on the main St Gotthard railway line,
Lugano is now easily reached, so that it is much frequented
by visitors (largely German) in spring and in autumn. Though
politically Swiss since 1512, Lugano is thoroughly Italian in
appearance and character. Of recent years many improvements
have been made in the town, which has two important suburbs—Paradiso
to the south and Cassarate to the east. The railway
station (1109 ft.) is above the town, and is connected with the
fine quays by a funicular railway. On the main quay is a statue
of William Tell by the sculptor Vincenzo Vela (1820–1891),
a native of the town, while other works by him are in the gardens
of private villas in the neighbourhood. The principal church,
San Lorenzo, in part dates back earlier than the 15th century,
while its richly sculptured façade bears the figures 1517. This
church is now the cathedral church of the bishop of Lugano,
a see erected in 1888, with jurisdiction over the Italian parts
of Switzerland. The church of Santa Maria degli Angioli, built
about 1499, and till 1848 occupied by Franciscans, contains
several very fine frescoes (particularly a Crucifixion) painted 1529–1530 by Bernardino Luini. A gallery containing modern pictures
has been built on the site of the old palace of the bishops of Como.
During the struggle of 1848–1866 to expel the Austrians from
Lombardy, Lugano served as headquarters for Mazzini and his
followers. Books and tracts intended for distribution in Italy
were produced there and at Capolago (9 m. distant, at the S.E.
end of the lake), and the efforts of the Austrian police to prevent
their circulation were completely powerless. (W. A. B. C.)
LUGANO, LAKE OF (also called Ceresio), one of the smaller
lakes in Lombardy, N. Italy, lying between Lago Maggiore (W.)
and the Lake of Como (E). It is of very irregular shape, the
great promontory of Monte Salvatore (3004 ft.) nearly cutting
off the western arm from the main lake. The whole lake has an
area of 1912 sq. m., its greatest length is about 22 m., its greatest
width 2 m., and its greatest depth 945 ft., while its surface is
899 ft. above sea-level. Between Melide (S. of the town of
Lugano) and Maroggia (on the east shore) the lake is so shallow
that a great stone dam has been built across for the St Gotthard
railway line and the carriage road. The chief town is Lugano
(at its northern end), which by the St Gotthard line is 19 m. from
Bellinzona and 9 m. from Capolago, the station at the south-eastern
extremity of the lake, which is but 8 m. by rail from
Como. At the south-western extremity a railway leads S.W.
from Porto Ceresio to Varese (9 m.). Porlezza, at the east end
of the lake, is 8 m. by rail from Menaggio on the Lake of Como,
while Ponte Tresa, at the west end of the lake, is about the same
distance by a steam tramway from Luino on Lago Maggiore.
Of the total area of the lake, about 712 sq. m. are in the Swiss
Canton of Ticino (Tessin), formed in 1803 out of the conquests
made by the Swiss from the Milanese in 1512. The remainder
of the area is in Italy. The lake lies among the outer spurs
of the Alps that divide the Ticino (Tessin) basin from that of
the Adda, where the calcareous strata have been disturbed by
the intrusion of porphyry and other igneous rocks. It is not
connected with any considerable valley, but is fed by numerous
torrents issuing from short glens in the surrounding mountains,
while it is drained by the Tresa, an unimportant stream flowing
into Lago Maggiore. The first steamer was placed on the lake
in 1856. (W. A. B. C.)
LUGANSK (also Lugań and Luganskiy Zavōd), a town of
southern Russia, in the government of Ekaterinoslav. Pop.
(1900) 34,175. It has a technical railway school and a meteorological
observatory, stands on the small river Lugan, 10 m. from
its confluence with the northern Donets, in the Lugan mining
district, 213 m. E. of the city of Ekaterinoslav, and has prospered
greatly since 1890. This district, which comprises the coal-mines
of Lisichansk and the anthracite mines of Gorodishche,
occupies about 110,000 acres on the banks of the Donets river.
Although it is mentioned in the 16th century, and coal was discovered
there at the time of Peter the Great, it was not until
1795 that an Englishman, Gascoyne or Gaskoin, established
its first iron-works for supplying the Black Sea fleet and the
southern fortresses with guns and shot. This proved a failure,
owing to the great distance from the sea; but during the Crimean
War the iron-works of Lugan again produced shot, shell and gun-carriages.
Since 1864 agricultural implements, steam-engines,
and machinery for beetroot sugar-works, distilleries, &c., have
been the chief manufactures. There is an active trade in
cattle, tallow, wools, skins, linseed, wine, corn and manufactured
wares.
LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY (1858–),
British soldier, African explorer and administrator, son of the
Rev. F. G. Lugard, was born on the 22nd of January 1858. He
entered the army in 1878, joining the Norfolk regiment. He served
in the Afghan War of 1879–80, in the Sudan campaign of 1884–85,
and in Burma in 1886–87. In May 1888, while on temporary
half-pay, he took command of an expedition organized by the
British settlers in Nyasaland against the Arab slave traders
on Lake Nyasa, and was severely wounded. He left Nyasaland
in April 1889, and in the same year was engaged by the Imperial
