major-general (April 1890), and in 1895 succeeded General John McA. Schofield as commanding general of the United States army. He was conspicuously successful (1869–1886) in dealing with Indian outbreaks, fighting the Cheyenne, Kiowa and Comanche on Llano Estacado (1875) and the Sioux in Montana (1876), capturing the Nez Perces under Chief Joseph (1877), and defeating the Chiricahua Apaches under Geronimo (1886), and he commanded the United States troops sent to Chicago during the railway riots in 1894. He was in nominal direction of military operations during the war with Spain in 1898, though his personal share of the operations was confined to directing the almost unopposed Porto Rico expedition. He was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general in June 1900, and retired from active service in August 1903. In 1905–1906 he was adjutant-general and chief-of-staff under Governor William L. Douglas in Massachusetts. He wrote Personal Recollections (1896), Military Europe (1898) and Observations Abroad (1899).
MILETUS (mod. Palatia), an ancient city of Asia Minor, on the southern shore of the Latmic Gulf near the mouth of the Maeander. Before the Ionic migration it was inhabited by Carians (Iliad ii. 876; Herod. i. 146), and pottery, found by Th. Wiegand on the spot proves that the site was inhabited, and had relations with the Aegean world, in the latest Minoan age. The Greek settlers from Pylos under Neleus are said to have massacred all the men in the old city, and built for themselves a new one on
the coast. Miletus occupied a very favourable situation at the mouth of the rich valley of the Maeander, and was the natural outlet for the trade of southern Phrygia (Hipponax, Fr. 45).
It had four harbours, one of considerable size, and its power
extended inland for some distance up the valley of the Maeander,
and along the coast to the south, where it founded the city of
Iasus. Its enterprise extended to Egypt, where it had much to
do with the settlement of Naucratis (q.v.). Very little “Naucratiti” pottery, however, was found on the site by Wiegand, and
only in the Athena temple. The Black Sea trade, however, was
the greatest source of wealth to the Ionian cities. Miletus, like
the rest, turned its attention chiefly to the north, and succeeded
in almost monopolizing the traffic. Along the Hellespont, the
Propontis and the Black Sea coasts it founded more than sixty
cities—among them Abydus, Cyzicus, Sinope, Dioscurias,
Panticapaeum and Olbia. All these cities were founded before
the middle of the 7th century; and before 500 B.C. Miletus was
decidedly the greatest Greek city. During the time when the
enterprise of the seafaring population raised Miletus to such
power and wealth nothing is known of its internal history,
though the analogy of all Greek cities, and some casual statements
in later writers, suggest that the usual struggles took place
between oligarchy and democracy, and that tyrants sometimes
raised themselves to supreme power. Miletus was equally
distinguished at this early time as a seat of literature. The
Ionian epic and lyric poetry indeed had its home farther north;
philosophy and history were more akin to the practical race of
Miletus, and Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes and Hecataeus
all belonged to this city. The poet Timotheus and the famous
Aspasia were also natives. The three Ionian cities of Caria—Miletus,
Myus and Priene—spoke a peculiar dialect of Ionic.
The Mermnad kings of Lydia found in Miletus their strongest adversary. War was carried on for many years, till Alyattes III. concluded a peace with Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus; the Milesians afterwards seem to have acknowledged peaceably the rule of Croesus. On the Persian conquest Miletus passed under a new master; it headed the Ionian revolt of 500 B.C., and was taken by storm after the battle of Lade (see Ionia). Darius massacred most of the inhabitants, transported the rest to Ampe at the mouth of the Tigris, and gave up the city to the Carians. This disaster was long remembered in Greece and made the theme of a tragedy by Phrynichus. Henceforth the history of Miletus has no special interest. It revived indeed when the Persians were expelled from the coast in 479 B.C., became a member of the Delian League (q.v.), revolted to Sparta in 412, passed into Carian hands, and opposed Alexander on his southward march, succumbing only to a siege in form (334 B.C.). It was a town of commercial importance throughout the Graeco-Roman period, and received special attention from Trajan. Its harbours, once protected by Lade and the other Tragasaean islands, were gradually silted up by the Maeander, and Lade is now a hill some miles from the coast. Ephesus took its place as the great Ionian harbour in Hellenistic and Roman times. Miletus became the seat of a Christian bishopric and was strengthened by a Byzantine castle (κάστρον τῶν Παλατίων) built above the theatre; but its decay was inevitable, and its site is now a marsh.
Since 1899 Miletus has been the scene of extensive excavations directed by Dr Th. Wiegand for the Berlin Academy. The ruins lie about the base of a hillock projecting north-east into a bend of the Maeander. On the north is a well-preserved theatre of Roman times on the site of an older Greek building. When complete it had 54 rows of seats. It was as large as any theatre in Asia Minor, and is still imposing, the auditorium, though deprived of its upper ranks and colonnade, rising nearly 100 ft. Cyriac of Ancona described the building as practically complete in his day (1446). The front is over 150 yds. long. East of this was the ancient north harbour, now silted up, and on the hillside above it stood a large heroön of Hellenistic time remarkable for being, like the tomb of Brasidas at Amphipolis, within the walls. South of the harbour head lies the Hellenistic agora with ruins of large magazines of Doric style. South of these again lie a nymphaeum of the age of Titus, and a senate-house of theatral form. On the east opens a great hall surrounded by porticoes and enclosing a high altar of Artemis, once richly adorned with reliefs. The Roman agora lies beyond this again. A straight street leads south-west from the north harbour to the Didyma Gate in the wall, which runs across the neck of the peninsula and was rebuilt by Trajan, when he undertook to raise the level of the outer quarters of the city; and streets cross this at right angles in the geometric Hellenistic manner. A Sacred Way lined with tombs, led to Didymi. Two temples have been discovered by Dr Wiegand, one, on the south-east, being a large sanctuary of Apollo Delphinius with triple colonnade enclosing a court with central tripod. This seems to have been the chief temple of the city and the place where public records, treaties, &c., were engraved. The other temple, an archaic sanctuary of Athena, lies west of the stadium.
See O. Rayet and A. Thomas, Milet et le golfe Latmique (1877); Th. Wiegand, “Vorläufige Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Milet,” in Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin Academy (1900, foll.); A. von Salis, “ Die Ausgrabungen in Milet und Didyma” in Neue Jahrb. f. d. k. Alt., xxv. 2, 1910. (D. G. H.)
MILFORD, a township of New Haven county, Connecticut,
U.S.A., on Long Island Sound, separated from the township of
Stratford on the W. by the Housatonic river, and about 10 m.
S.W. of New Haven. Pop. (1890), 3811; (1900), 3783, including
541 foreign-born and 173 negroes; (1910), 4366. Area, about 16
sq. m. Milford is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford
railroad, and by an electric line connecting with Bridgeport
and New Haven. Within its borders are various popular
beaches, including Woodmont (incorporated as a borough in
1903), Pond Point, Bay View, Fort Trumbull Beach (where a
fortification, named Fort Trumbull, was erected in 1776),
Myrtle Beach, Meadow’s End, Walnut Beach and Milford Point.
The township is traversed by the Wepowaug river, which here
empties into the Sound. Milford is a typical old New England
town, and many of the permanent inhabitants are descendants
from the first settlers. The burying-ground includes the tomb
of Robert Treat (1622–1710), commander of the Connecticut
troops in King Philip’s War, leader of the company that founded
Newark, New Jersey, governor of Connecticut (from 1683 to
1698) at the time its charter was demanded by Governor Andros
in 1686–1687, and deputy-governor in 1676–1683 and 1698–1708;
and also that of Jonathan Law (1674–1751), governor of
Connecticut from 1742 to 1751. Spanning the Wepowaug
river near a gorge and not far from its mouth is a granite bridge
and tower, built, as a memorial to the first settlers, in 1889, in
connexion with the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the
founding of the town. Milford has a beautiful green of about
four acres, containing a soldiers' monument. It has also the
Taylor Library (founded in 1894), and along the Sound are many
summer residences. Named after Milford, England, it was
founded in 1639 by Rev. Peter Prudden and his followers from
New Haven and Wethersfield. The land was purchased from
the Indians for 6 coats, 10 blankets, 1 kettle, 12 hatchets, 12 hoes,
