himself in the pamphlets Die erste Generalsynode der evang. Landeskirche Preussens (1847) and Die evangelische Union, ihr Wesen und göttliches Recht (1854). His chief work, however, was Die christliche Lehre der Sünde (2 vols., 1839; 5th ed., 1867; Eng. trans. from 5th ed.), in which he carried scholasticism so far as “to revive the ancient Gnostic theory of the fall of man before all time, a theory which found no favour amongst his theological friends” (Otto Pfleiderer).
Müller’s other works include Dogmat. Abhandlungen (1870), and Das christliche Leben (3rd ed., 1847). See M. Kähler, Julius Müller (1878); L. Schultze, Julius Müller (1879) and Julius Müller als Ethiker (1895).
MÜLLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797–1840), German scholar,
was born at Brieg in Silesia on the 28th of August 1797. He
was educated partly in Breslau, partly in Berlin, where his
enthusiasm for the study of Greek literature, art and history
was fostered by the influence of Böckh. In 1817, after the
publication of his first work, Aegineticorum liber, he received
an appointment at the Magdaleneum in Breslau, and in 1819
he was made adjunct professor of ancient literature in the
university of Göttingen, his subject being the archaeology and
history of ancient art. His aim was to form a vivid conception
of Greek life as a whole; and his books and lectures marked an
epoch in the development of Hellenic studies. Müller’s position
at Göttingen being rendered unpleasant by the political troubles
which followed the accession of Ernest Augustus (duke of Cumberland)
to the throne of Hanover in 1837, he applied for permission
to travel; and in 1839 he left Germany. In April of the following
year he reached Greece, having spent the winter in Italy. He
investigated the remains of ancient Athens, visited many places
of interest in Peloponnesus, and finally went to Delphi, where
he began excavations. He was attacked by intermittent fever,
of which he died at Athens on the 1st of August 1840.
Among his historical works the foremost place belongs to his Geschichten hellenischer Stämme und Städte: Orchomenos und die Minyer (1820), and Die Dorier (1824; Eng. trans. by H. Tufnell and Cornewall Lewis, 1830, including the essay Über die Makedonier, on the settlements, origin and early history of the Macedonians). He introduced a new standard of accuracy in the cartography of ancient Greece. In 1828 he published Die Etrusker, a treatise on Etruscan antiquities. His Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie (1825; Eng. trans., J. Leitch, 1844), in which he avoided the extreme views of G. F. Creuzer and C. A. Lobeck, prepared the way for the scientific investigation of myths; while the study of ancient art was promoted by his Handbuch der Archäologie der Kunst (1830; Eng. trans., J. Leitch, 1847), and Denkmäler der alten Kunst (1832), which he wrote in association with C. Osterley. In 1840 appeared in England his History of the Literature of Ancient Greece; the original German work from which it had been translated being issued in Germany in 1841 (4th ed. by E. Heitz, 1882). Chapters i.–xxii. were translated by Sir George Cornewall Lewis; chapters xxiii.–xxxvi. by J. W. Donaldson, who carried the work down to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks. It is still one of the best books on the subject. Müller also published an admirable translation of the Eumenides of Aeschylus with introductory essays (1833), and new editions of Varro (1833) and Festus (1839).
See memoir of his life by his brother Eduard, prefixed to the posthumous edition of K. O. Müller’s Kleine deutsche Schriften (1847); F. Lücke, Erinnerungen an K. O. Müller (Göttingen, 1841); F. Ranke, K. O. Müller, ein Lebensbild (Berlin, 1870); C. Bursian, Geschichte der klassischen Philologie in Deutschland (1883), ii. 1007–1028; C. Dilthey, Otfried Müller (Göttingen, 1898); E. Curtius, Altertum und Gegenwart; and J. W. Donaldson’s essay On the Life and Writings of Karl Otfried Müller in vol. i. of the English translation of the history of Greek literature. A biography composed from his letters was published by O. and E. Kern, K. O. Müller, Lebensbild in Briefen an seine Eltern (1908); see also J. E. Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship, iii. (1908), 213–216.
MÜLLER, LUCIAN (1836–1898), German scholar, was born
at Merseburg in Prussian Saxony on the 17th of March 1836.
Having studied at Berlin and Halle, he resided for five years in
Holland, where he collected the materials for his Geschichte
der klassischen Philologie in den Niederlanden (1869). Unable
to obtain a university appointment in Germany, he accepted
(1870) the professorship of Latin at the Imperial Historico-Philological
Institute in St Petersburg. There he died on the
24th of April 1898. Müller was a disciple of the methods of
Bentley and Lachmann. His De re metrica poetarum latinorum
(1861; 2nd ed., 1894) represents a landmark in the investigation
of the metrical system of the Roman poets (the dramatists
excepted), and his Metrik der Griechen und Römer (2nd ed.,
1885) is an excellent treatise in a small compass (Eng. trans.
by S. B. Platner, Boston, Mass., 1892).
His other chief publications were: C. Lucili saturarum reliquiae (1872), including the fragments of Accius and Sueius; Leben und Werke des Gaius Lucilius (1876; suppt. Luciliana, 1884); text of Horace (1869; 3rd ed., 1897); Quintus Horatius Flaccus, eine litterarhistorische Biographie (1880); Quintus Ennius (1884), an introduction to the study of Roman poetry; Q. Enni carminum reliquiae (1884); Livi Andronici et Cn. Naevi fabularum reliquiae (1885); Der saturnische Vers und seine Denkmäler (1885); Noni Marcelli compendiosa doctrina (1888); De Pacuvii fabulis (1889); De Accii fabulis disputatio (1890).
MÜLLER, WILHELM (1794–1827), German lyric poet, was
born at Dessau on the 7th of October 1794, the son of a shoemaker.
He was educated at the gymnasium of his native
town and at the university of Berlin, where he devoted himself
to philological and historical studies. In 1813–1814 he took part,
as a volunteer, in the national rising against Napoleon. In
1817 he visited Italy, and in 1820 published his impressions in
Rom, Römer und Römerinnen. In 1818 he was appointed
teacher of classics in the Dessau school, and in 1820 librarian
to the ducal library. He died at Dessau on the 30th of September
1827. Müller’s earliest lyrics are contained in a volume of
poems, Bundesblüten, by several friends, which was published
in 1816. His literary reputation was made by the Gedichte
aus den hinterlassenen Papieren eines reisenden Waldhornisten
(2 vols., 1821–1824), and the Lieder der Griechen (1821–1824). The
latter collection was Germany’s chief tribute of sympathy to the
Greeks in their struggle against the Turkish yoke, a theme which
inspired many poets of the time. Two volumes of Neugriechische
Volkslieder, and Lyrische Reisen und epigrammatische Spaziergänge,
followed in 1825 and 1827. Müller also wrote a book on
the Homerische Vorschule (1824; 2nd. ed., 1836), translated
Marlowe’s Faustus, and edited a Bibliothek der Dichtungen des 17.
Jahrhunderts (1822–1827; 10 vols.). His poetic genius was
kindred to that of the composer Schubert, who set many of his
lyrics to music.
Wilhelm Müller’s Gedichte were first collected in 1837 (4th ed., 1858); edited by his son, F. Max Müller (1868); there are also numerous more recent editions, notably one in Reclam’s Universalbibliothek (1894); critical edition by J. T. Hatfield (1906). Müller’s Vermischte Schriften were edited with a biography by G. Schwab (3 vols., 1830). See F. Max Müller’s article in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie; O. Franck, “Zur Biographie des Dichters W. Müller” (Mitteilungen des Vereins für anhaltische Geschichte, 1887); J. T. Hatfield, “W. Müllers unveröffentlichtes Tagebuch und seine ungedruckten Briefe” (Deutsche Rundschau, 1902).
MÜLLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812–1845), English landscape
and figure painter, was born at Bristol on the 28th of June
1812, his father, a Prussian, being curator of the museum. He
first studied painting under J. B. Pyne. His early subjects
deal mainly with the scenery of Gloucestershire and Wales, and
he learned much from his study of Claude, Ruysdael, and earlier
landscape-painters. In 1833 he figured for the first time in
the Royal Academy with his “Destruction of Old London
Bridge—Morning,” and next year he made a tour through
France, Switzerland and Italy. Four years later he visited
Athens, extending his travels to Egypt, and in the sketches
executed during this period and the paintings produced from
them his power and individuality are apparent. Shortly after his
return he left Bristol and settled in London, where he exhibited
regularly. In 1840 he again visited France, where he executed
a series of sketches of Renaissance architecture, twenty-five
of which were lithographed and published in 1841, in a folio
entitled The Age of Francis I. of France. In 1843 he accompanied,
at his own request and his own charges, the government
