Icarian colony at Cheltenham near St Louis, but this survived only for a brief period. Nauvoo was never intended to be more than a temporary home for the Icarians. Soon after the schism of 1856 those who had rebelled against Cabet began to prepare a permanent home in Adams county, Iowa. There too in 1879 the community split into two factions, the Young Party and the Old Party. Some time before this separation a few members of the colony removed to the vicinity of Cloverdale, Sonoma county, California, and here most of the members of the Young Party joined them early in 1884 in forming the Icaria-Speranza Community. This society tried a government quite different from that first adopted at Nauvoo, but it ceased to exist after about three years. The Old Party also adopted a new constitution, but it too was dissolved in 1895.
See Albert Shaw, Icaria: A Chapter in the History of Communism (New York, 1884); Jules Prudhommeaux, Icaria et son fondateur Étienne Cabet (Paris, 1907); and H. Lux, Étienne Cabet und der Ikarische Kommunismus (Stuttgart, 1894).
NAVAHO, or Navajo, a tribe of North American Indians of Athabascan stock. They inhabit the northern part of Arizona and New Mexico. The majority live by breeding horses, sheep and goats. They are well known for their beautiful blanket weaving. (See Indians, North American.)
NAVAN, a market town of county Meath, Ireland, situated at the confluence of the Blackwater with the Boyne. Pop. (1901)
3839. It is a railway junction of some importance, where the
Clonsilla and Kingscourt branch of the Midland Great Western
railway crosses the Drogheda and Oldcastle branch of the Great
Northern. By the former it is 30 m. N.W. of Dublin. Navan
is the principal town of county Meath (though Trim is the county
town), and has considerable trade in corn and flour, some manufacture
of woollens and of agricultural implements, and a tannery.
Navan was a barony of the palatinate of Meath, was walled and
fortified, and was incorporated by charter of Edward IV. It
suffered in the civil wars of 1641, and returned two members to
the Irish parliament until the Union in 1800. It is governed by
an urban district council, and is a favourite centre for rod-fishing
for trout and salmon.
NAVARINO, BATTLE OF, fought on the 20th of October 1827,
the decisive event which established the independence of Greece.
By the treaty signed in London on the 6th of July 1827 (see
Greece, History), England, France and Russia agreed to demand
an armistice, as preliminary to a settlement. Sir Edward
Codrington, then commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean,
received the treaty and his instructions on the night of the
10th/11th of August at Smyrna, and proceeded at once to Nauplia
to communicate them to the Greeks. His instructions were to
demand an armistice, to intercept all supplies coming to the
Turkish forces in the Morea from Africa or Turkey in general,
and to look for directions to Stratford Canning (Lord Stratford
de Redcliffe), the British ambassador at Constantinople. The
ambassador’s instructions reached Codrington on the 7th of
September. He was accompanied to Nauplia by his French
colleague, Rear-Admiral de Rigny. The Greek government
agreed to accept the armistice. Admiral de Rigny left for a
cruise in the Levant, and Sir Edward Codrington, hearing that an
Egyptian armament was on its way from Alexandria, and
believing that it was bound for Hydra, steered for that island,
which he reached on the 3rd of September, but on the 12th of
September found the Egyptians at anchor with a Turkish squadron
at Navarino. The Turkish government refused to accept the
armistice. On the 19th of September, seeing a movement among
the Egyptian and Turkish ships in the bay, Codrington informed
the Ottoman admiral, Tahir Pasha, that he had orders to prevent
hostile movements against the Greeks. Admiral de Rigny joined
him immediately afterwards, and a joint note was sent by them
on the 22nd of September to Ibrahim Pasha, who held the
superior command for the sultan. On the 25th an interview
took place, in which Ibrahim gave a verbal engagement not to act
against the Greeks, pending orders from the sultan. The allies,
who were in want of stores, now separated, Codrington going to
Zante and de Rigny to Cervi, where his store ships were. Frigates
were left to watch Navarino. The British admiral had barely
anchored at Zante before he was informed that the sultan’s
forces were putting to sea. On the 29th of September a Greek
naval force, commanded by an English Philhellene, Captain
Frank Abney Hastings, had destroyed some Turkish vessels in
Salona Bay, on the north side of the Gulf of Corinth. From
the 3rd to the 5th of October Codrington, who had with him
only his flagship the “Asia” (84) and some smaller vessels,
was engaged in turning back the Egyptian and Turkish vessels,
a task in which he was aided by a violent gale. He resumed his
watch off Navarino, and on the 13th was joined by de Rigny
and the Russian rear-admiral Heiden with his squadron.
By general agreement among the powers the command was
entrusted to Codrington, and the allied force consisted of three
British, four French and four Russian sail of the line, if the
French admiral’s flagship the “Sirène” (60), which was technically
“a double banked frigate,” be included. There were four
British, one French and four Russian frigates, and six British
and French brigs and schooners. The Egyptians and Turks had
only three line of battleships and fifteen large frigates, together
with a swarm of small craft which raised their total number
to eighty and upwards. Ibrahim Pasha, though unable to
operate at sea, considered himself at liberty to carry on the war
by land. His men were actively employed in burning the
Greek villages, and reducing the inhabitants to slavery. The
flames and smoke of the destroyed villages were clearly seen
from the allied fleet. On the 17th of October, a joint letter of
expostulation was sent in to Ibrahim Pasha, but was returned
with the manifestly false answer that he had left Navarino, and
that his officers did not know where he was. The admirals,
therefore, decided to stand into the bay and anchor among the
Egyptian and Turkish ships. A French officer in the Egyptian
service, of the name of Letellier, had anchored the vessels of
Ibrahim and the Turkish admiral in a horseshoe formation, of
which the points touched the entrance to the bay, and there were
forts on the lands at both sides of the entry. The allies entered in
two lines—one formed of the French and British led by Codrington
in the “Asia,” the other of the Russians,—and began to anchor
in the free water in the midst of Ibrahim’s fleet. The officer
commanding the British frigate “Dartmouth” (42), Captain
Fellowes, seeing a Turkish fireship close to windward of him,
sent a boat with a demand that she should be removed. The
Turks fired, killing Lieutenant G. W. H. Fitzroy, who brought
the message, and several of the boat’s crew. The “Dartmouth”
then opened “a defensive fire,” and the action became general
at once. The allies, who were all closely engaged, were anchored
among their enemies, and the result was obtained by their heavier
broadsides and their better gunnery. Three-fourths of the
Turkish and Egyptian vessels were sunk by the assailants, or fired
by their own crews. On the allied side the British squadron
lost 75 killed and 197 wounded; the French 43 killed and 183
wounded; the Russians 59 killed and 139 wounded. In the
British squadron Captain Walter Bathurst of the “Genoa” (74)
was slain. The loss of the Turks and Egyptians was never
accurately reported, but it was certainly very great.
In its effects on the international situation Navarino may be reckoned one of the decisive battles of the world. It not only made the efforts of the Turks to suppress the Greek revolt hopeless, but it made a breach difficult to heal in the traditional friendship between Great Britain and Turkey, which had its effect during the critical period of the struggle between Mehemet Ali and the Porte (1831–1841). It precipitated the Russo-Turkish war of 1828–1829, and, by annihilating the Ottoman navy, weakened the resisting power of Turkey to Russia and later to Mehemet Ali.
See Memoir of Admiral Sir E. Codrington, by his daughter Lady Bourchier (London, 1873); Naval History of Great Britain, by W. James and Captain Chamier, vol. vi. (London, 1837). (D. H.)
NAVARRE (Span. Navarra), an inland province of northern Spain, and formerly a kingdom which included part of France. The province is bounded on the N. by France (Basses Pyrénées) and Guipúzcoa, E. by Huesca and Saragossa, S. by Saragossa
