Rajkot, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He had been adopted by his uncle, the Jam Shri Vibhaji, but the adoption was set aside, with British sanction, in favour of a son by a Mahommedan mother. This son succeeded, but died in 1906 aged twenty-four, and Ranjitsinjhi obtained the throne in March 1907. A branch railway, constructed at the expense of the state, was opened in 1898 from Rajkot to Nawanagar town.
The town of Nawanagar is about 5 m. from the seaport of Bedi. Pop. (1901) 53,844. Founded by Jam Rawal in 1540, it is built of stone, and has manufactures of silk and gold embroidery, and perfumed oils and red powder for ceremonial purposes. Its water is supplied from a reservoir covering 600 acres and an aqueduct 8 m. long.
NAWĀWĪ [Abū Zakarīyya ibn Sharaf un-Nawāwī ] (1233–1278), Arabian writer, was born at Nawā near Damascus. In the latter city he studied from his eighteenth year, and there, after making the pilgrimage in 1253, he settled as a private scholar until 1267, when he succeeded Abu Shāma as professor of tradition at the Ashrafīyya school. He died at Nawā from overwork.
His manual of Moslem law according to the Shāfi‛ite school has been edited with French translation by van den Bergh, 2 vols., Batavia (1882–1884), and published at Cairo (1888). The Tahdhīb ul-Asma‛i has been edited as the Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men chiefly at the Beginning of Islam by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1842–1847). The Taqrīb wa Taisīr, an introduction to the study of tradition, was published at Cairo, 1890, with Suyūṭī’s commentary. It has been in part translated into French by M. Marcais in the Journal asiatique, series ix., vols. 16-18 (1900–1901). Nawāwī’s collection of the forty (actually forty-two) chief traditions has been frequently published with commentaries in Cairo. For other works see C. Brockelmann’s Gesch. der arabischen Litteratur, vol. i. (Weimar, 1898). pp. 395-397. (G. W. T.)
NAXOS, the largest of the Cyclades (about 22 m. by 16 m.),
a fertile island in the Aegean Sea, east of Paros, with which, and
adjacent smaller islands, it forms an eparchia. In ancient times
it was also called Dia or Strongyle. It was rich in vines and
famous for its wine, and a centre of the worship of Bacchus.
The god found Ariadne asleep on its shore, when she was deserted
by Theseus. The sculptors of Naxos formed an important
school of early Greek art; several unfinished colossal statues
are still to be seen in the quarries, notably one in Apollona Bay,
to the N.E. of the island. A tyrant Lygdamis ruled Naxos in
alliance with Peisistratus of Athens during the 6th century B.C.
In 501 a Persian fleet unsuccessfully attacked it, but in 490 it
was captured and treated with great severity. Four Naxian
ships took part in the expedition of Xerxes, but deserted and
fought on the Greek side at Salamis in 480. Naxos was a member
of the Delian League (q.v.); it revolted in 471, was captured
by Athens, and remained in her possession till her empire was
destroyed. In later times the most remarkable event was its
capture, in A.D. 1207, by the Venetian Marco Sanudo, who
founded the duchy of Naxos, which flourished till the Turks took
the island in 1566. Since the War of Independence it has
belonged to the Greek kingdom. The only ancient remains of
any importance are those of a temple (Palati), supposed to be
that of Dionysus, on an island just off the town. Naxos is still
rich in fruit trees, and also exports corn, wine and oil, as well
as emery, its richest and most important mineral product. Pop.
(1907) 25,185 (province), 2064 (commune).
NAXOS, the earliest Greek colony in Sicily, was founded by
Theocles from Chalcis in 735 B.C., on the E. coast, S. of Tauromenium
(mod. Taormina), in a low-lying situation just N. of the
mouth of the river Alcantara, where the castle of Schiso now
stands. The adoption of the name of Naxos, the island in the
Aegean Sea, seems to indicate that there were Naxians among
its founders. Within a few years it became strong enough to
found Leontini and Catana. Naxos was the warmest ally of
Athens in the Sicilian expedition. In 403 B.C. it was destroyed
by Dionysius and handed over to the Sicels, but was never
rebuilt. Its place was supplied in 358 by Tauromenium. Scanty
traces of its walls are to be seen, of irregular blocks of lava,
especially on the south, parallel to the river (E. A. Freeman,
Hist. of Sic. i. 323). Without the city stood the altar of Apollo
Archegetes, at which all sacred embassies that left Sicily sacrificed
before their departure (Thuc. vi. 3).
NAY, or Ney, the long flute of the ancient Egyptians, held
obliquely and played by directing the breath, as in the pipes
of the syrinx, across the open end, which had no embouchure
of any kind. Performers on the nay are represented on many
of the frescoes which decorated the tombs at Thebes, their
flutes reaching nearly to the ground while they are in the familiar
half-kneeling posture. The acoustic principles involved in the
production of sound are the same as for the flute. The narrowness
of the bore in proportion to the length would facilitate the
production of harmonics and so give the nay an extended
compass. Victor Loret[1] has compiled a list of all the real pipes
of ancient Egypt which have survived, having for the most
part been preserved in mummy cases. The nay was not restricted
to ancient Egypt, but has remained in general use in various
parts of the East until the present day. (K. S.)
NAYAGARH, a native state in India, in the Orissa division
of Bengal. Area, 588 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 140,779; revenue,
£8000. It contains hills rising to 5000 ft.; and exports much
agricultural produce. In 1894 a revolt of the hill tribe of Khonds
against the raja required the intervention of British military
police. Nayagarh village (pop. 3340) is connected by road with
Khurda in Puri district.
NAYAR, or Nair, a caste or tribe on the W. coast of S. India,
who form the dominant race in Malabar. Traditionally they are
soldiers, but many have taken to professions, and one was in
1910 a judge of the high court at Madras. Their total number in
all India in 1901 was just over one million. Their most peculiar
customs are: (1) marumakkattayam＝“descent through sister’s
children,” or inheritance in the female line; and (2) sambandham,
a loose form of union, taking the place of marriage, without any
responsibility of the husband towards either Wife or children.
In 1896 an act of the Madras legislature enabled a sambandham
to be registered, and have the force of a legal marriage. Little
advantage has been taken of this act, while it is alleged that
the sambandham now usually lasts for a lifetime.
See Malabar District Gazetteer (Madras, 1908).
NAYLER (or Naylor), JAMES (1618–1660), English Puritan,
was born at Andersloe or Ardsley, in Yorkshire, in 1618. In
1642 he joined the parliamentary army, and served as quartermaster
in John Lambert’s horse. In 1651 he adopted Quakerism,
and gradually arrived at the conviction that he was a new
incarnation of Christ. He gathered round him a small band of
disciples, who followed him from place to place. At Appleby
in 1653 and again at Exeter in 1655 he suffered terms of imprisonment.
In October 1655, in imitation of Christ’s procession into
Jerusalem, he entered Bristol on horseback riding single—“a
rawboned nude figure, with lank hair reaching below his cheeks”—attended
by seven followers, some on horseback, some on foot,
he in silence and they singing “Hosanna! Holy, holy! Lord
God of Sabaoth!” At the High Cross he and his followers
were arrested. His trial occupied the second parliament of
Cromwell for several days, and on the 16th of December 1656
he was convicted of blasphemy and sentenced to be whipped
from the Palace Yard to the Old Exchange, to be branded in
the forehead with “B” (for blasphemer), to have his tongue
bored with a red-hot iron, to be whipped through the streets
of Bristol, and to suffer imprisonment with hard labour for two
years. On his release he was readmitted into the communion
of the Quakers, and spent some time in Westmorland with
George Whitehead (1636?–1723). In October 1660 Nayler
set out to visit his long-forsaken family in Yorkshire, but died
on the journey in Huntingdonshire.
A collected edition of the Tracts of Nayler appeared in 1716. See A Relation of the Life, Conversion, Examination, Confession, and Sentence of James Nayler (1657); a Memoir of the Life, Ministry, Trial, and Sufferings of James Nayler (1719); and a Refutation of some of the more Modern Misrepresentations of the Society of Friends commonly called Quakers, with a Life of James Nayler, by Joseph Gurney Bevan (1800).
- ↑ “Les Flûtes égyptiennes antiques,” in Journal asiatique, 8ème série, tome xiv. (Paris, 1889).
