Gefühlskomödie (1892); Die Drohnenschlacht (1897); Morganatisch (1904). Dramas: Die neuen Journalisten (in collaboration with F. Gross, 1880); Der Krieg der Millionen (1882); Das Recht zu lieben (2nd ed., 1894); Die Kugel (1894); and Doktor Kohn (1898). He published also Vom Kreml zur Alhambra (1880), an account of his travels, and three works descriptive of Paris and the Parisians—Pariser Studien aus dem wahren Milliardenlande (1878); Paris unter der dritten Republik (1881); Ausgewählte Pariser Briefe (1887); two further volumes of criticism, Zeitgenössische Franzosen, literaturgeschichtliche essays (Berlin, 1901); and Von Kunst und Künstlern (Leipzig, 1905).
NORDEN, JOHN (1548–1625?), English topographer, was the first Englishman who designed a complete series of county histories and geographies. His earliest known work of importance was the Speculum Britanniae, first part . . . Middlesex (1593); the MS. of this in the British Museum (Harl. 570) has corrections, &c., in Lord Burleigh’s handwriting. In 1595 he wrote a Chorographical Description of . . . Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Wight, Guernsey and Jersey, dedicated to Queen Elizabeth; the MS. of this is in the British Museum, Addit. MSS. 31,853. In 1596 he published his Preparative to . . . Speculum Britanniae, dedicated to Burleigh, and in 1598 his Hertfordshire (Lambeth Libr. MSS. 521). Before his death he had completed in manuscript his account of five other counties; three of these studies were printed long after his death, viz. Essex, edited for the Camden Society in 1840 by Sir Henry Ellis from a MS. at Hatfield (see also British Museum Addit. MSS. 33, 769); Northamptonshire, known to have been finished in 1610, but only published in 1720; Cornwall, likewise finished in 1610, published in 1728 (see Harl. MSS. 6252). Of Kent and Surrey even the MSS. are now lost; parts of the latter are perhaps identical with sections of the Chorographical Description of 1595. In 1600 Norden was appointed surveyor of the crown woods and forests in Berkshire, Devon, Surrey, &c.; in 1605 he obtained the surveyorship of the duchy of Cornwall; in 1607, after a careful survey, he composed his valuable Description of the Honour of Windsor, with fine maps and plans in colour, dedicated to James I. (see Harl. MSS. 3749). In 1608 he was mainly occupied with the surveying of crown woods, especially in Surrey, Berkshire and Devon, and with the writing of his works on forest culture—Considerations touching . . . raising . . . of Coppices, and . . . Relation of . . . Proceedings upon . . . Commission concerning new forests, to which he added in 1613 his Observations concerning Crown Lands and Woods (see Egerton MSS. 806; Ashmole MSS. 1148; and Lansdowne MSS. 165). In 1612 he was made surveyor of the royal castles in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Berkshire, Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall; in 1616 and 1617 he appears surveying the soke of Kirketon in Lindsey, as well as various manors and lands belonging to Prince Charles, afterwards Charles I. (see Cambridge University Library, Ff. iv. 30; London, British Museum Addit. MSS. 6027); his last works were a survey of Sheriff Hutton manor, Yorks, in 1624 (Harl. MSS. 6288), and England, an intended guide for English travellers, a series of tables to accompany Speed’s county maps, executed in 1625, shortly before his death.
Norden’s maps of London and Westminster (in his Speculum Britanniae of 1593) are the best representations known of the English metropolis under the Tudors; his maps of Middlesex (also from the Spec. Brit. of 1593), of Essex (1594, 1840), of Hertfordshire (1598, 1723) and of Cornwall (published in 1728; see above) are also noteworthy; in the last-named the roads are indicated for the first time in English topography. Norden also executed maps of Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey and Sussex, for the fifth edition (1607) of Camden’s Britannia, also maps of Middlesex, Essex, Sussex, Surrey and Cornwall for J. Speed (1610). Several important cartographical works of his are lost: e.g. his Map . . . of Battles fought in England from . . . William the Conqueror to Elizabeth, in 16 sheets, formerly in the Bodleian Gallery, Oxford, of which some part is probably preserved in the Invasions of England, an appendix to the Prospect of the most Famous Parts of the World, by J. Speed (1635); and his View of London, in 8 sheets, made c. 1604–1606, and View of London Bridge, published in 1624; in the Crace collection at the British Museum is an earlier View of London by Norden (1600), and an 1804 reprint of the View of London Bridge; a map of Surrey by Norden, said to have been copied by Speed and Kip in Camden’s Britannia of 1607, has also disappeared.
Besides the works noticed above, see the accounts of Norden by C. Bateman in Speculum Britanniae, pars Cornwall (1728), and by Sir H. Ellis in Spec. Brit., pars Essex (Camden Society, 1840); also H. B. Wheatley in Harrison’s Description of England (New Shakspere Society, 1877), and C. H. Coote’s article in the Dict. Nat. Biog. (C. R. B.)
NORDEN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, 4 m. from the North Sea and 20 m. by rail N. of Emden. Pop. (1905) 6717. It has a 16th-century town hall and its parish church was built in 1445. Gin, sugar, chocolate, yeast, beer, tobacco and machinery are manufactured. Norddeich, a small port 4 m. N.W., is the shipping place for passengers bound for Norderney. Norden was first mentioned in 842.
NORDENSKIÖLD, NILS ADOLF ERIK, Baron (1832–1901), geographer and Arctic explorer, was born at Helsingfors, 18th November 1832. His ancestors came originally from Sweden, but for some generations had been settled in Finland. His father, Nils Gustav Nordenskiöld, was both a mineralogist and a traveller. Nordenskiöld entered the university of Helsingfors in 1849, and applied himself specially to chemistry and mineralogy. In 1853 he accompanied his father to the Ural Mountains and studied the iron and copper mines at Tagilsk. On his return he received minor appointments both at the university and the mining office, but an unguarded speech at a convivial entertainment in 1855 drew the attention of the Russian authorities to his political views, and led to his dismissal. He then visited Berlin, continuing his mineralogical studies, and in 1856 obtained the Alexander travelling stipend at the university of Helsingfors and planned to expend it in geological research in Siberia and Kamchatka. Before starting he took his master’s and doctor’s degrees (1857), but he again aroused the suspicion of the authorities, so that he was forced to leave the country and was deprived of the right of ever holding office in the university. Settling at Stockholm he thenceforward became practically a Swedish citizen. He soon received an offer from Otto Torell, the geologist, to accompany him on an expedition to Spitsbergen. To the observations of Torell on glacial phenomena Nordenskiöld added the discovery at Bell Sound of remains of Tertiary plants, and on the return of the expedition he received the appointment of professor and curator of the mineralogical department of the Swedish State Museum. In 1861 he took part in Torell’s second Spitsbergen expedition, which yielded even more important geological results. Of the further expedition to the same quarter promoted by the Swedish academy of science in 1864, Nordenskiöld was the leader. Three years later, chiefly through the support of the Swedish government and Oscar Dickson, who contributed largely towards the later expeditions of 1872 and 1875, he headed a well-organized expedition in the iron steamer “Sofia” and reached the highest northern latitude (81° 42′) then attained in the eastern hemisphere. Arctic exploration had now become his all-absorbing object in life, and in 1870, with three young naturalists, he visited the vast inland ice-sheet of Greenland. His next expedition in 1872 did not answer expectation, for the tenders were caught in the ice, and the crews of the three vessels were forced to winter in Spitsbergen. In 1875–1876, however, a successful voyage eastwards, including the ascent of the Yenisei, led him to attempt the discovery of the long-sought North-East Passage. This he accomplished in the voyage of the “Vega,” navigating for the first time the northern coasts of Europe and Asia. Starting from Karlskrona on the 22nd of June 1878, the “Vega” doubled Cape Chelyuskin in the following August, and after being frozen in at the end of September near Bering Strait, completed the voyage successfully in the following summer. He edited a monumental record of the expedition in five octavo volumes, and himself wrote a more popular summary in two volumes.
On his return to Sweden he received an enthusiastic welcome, and in April 1880 was made a baron and a commander of the Order of the Nordstjerna. In 1883 he again visited the east coast of Greenland, and succeeded in taking his ship through the great ice barrier, a feat attempted in vain during more than three centuries. Baron Nordenskiöld also made a notable reputation
