NORICUM (Noricus ager), in ancient geography, a district bounded on the N. by the Danube, on the W. by Raetia and Vindelicia, on the E. by Pannonia, on the S. by Pannonia and Italy, corresponding to the greater part of the modern Styria and Carinthia, and part of Austria, Bavaria and Salzburg. The original population appears to have consisted of Illyrians, who after the great emigration of the Gauls became subordinate to various Celtic tribes, chief amongst them being the Taurisci, probably called Norici by the Romans from their capital Noreia (Neumarkt). The country is mountainous and the soil poor, but it was rich in iron, and supplied material for the manufactories of arms in Pannonia, Moesia and northern Italy. The famous Noric steel was largely used for the Roman weapons (“Noricus ensis,” Horace, Odes, i. 16.9). The inhabitants were a brave and warlike people, who paid more attention to cattle-breeding than to agriculture, although it is probable that the Romans, by draining the marshes and cutting down timber, increased the fertility of the soil. Gold and salt were also found in considerable quantities; the plant called saliunca (the wild or Celtic nard) grew in abundance, and was used as a perfume (Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxi. 20. 43). Noricum was the southern outpost of the northern or Celtic peoples and the starting-point of their attacks upon Italy. It is in Noricum that we first hear of almost all these Celtic invaders. Archaeological researches, particularly in the cemeteries of Hallstatt (q.v.), less than 40 m. from Noreia, have shown that for centuries before recorded history there was a vigorous civilization. The Hallstatt cemeteries contained weapons and ornaments from the Bronze age, through the period of transition, up to the fully-developed Iron age. Professor Ridgeway (Early Age of Greece, i. ch. 5) has made out a strong case for the theory that in Noricum and the neighbouring districts was the cradle of the Homeric Achaeans. For a long time the Noricans enjoyed independence under princes of their own, and carried on commerce with the Romans. In 48 B.C. they took the side of Caesar in the civil war against Pompey. In 16, having joined with the Pannonians in invading Histria, they were defeated by Publius Silius, proconsul of Illyricum. From this time Noricum is called a province, although not organized as such, but remaining a kingdom with the title regnum Noricum. It was under the control of an imperial procurator. It was not until the reign of Marcus Antoninus that the Legio II. Pia (afterwards called Italica) was stationed at Noricum, and the commander of the legion became the governor of the province. Under Diocletian, Noricum was divided into Noricum ripense (along the Danube) and mediterraneum (the southern mountainous district). Each division was under a praeses, and both belonged to the diocese of Illyria in the prefecture of Italy. The Roman colonies and chief towns were Virunum (near Mariasaal), Ovilava (Wels), Celeia (Cilli), Juvavum (Salzburg), Lauriacum (Lorch, at the mouth of the Enns, the ancient Anisus).
See A. Muchar, Das römische Norikum (Grätz, 1825); T. Mommsen, Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum, iii. 587; J. Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, i. (2nd ed., 1881) p. 290; Smith’s Dict. of Gk. and Roman Geog. (1873); Mary B. Peaks, The General Civil and Military Administration of Noricum and Raetia (Chicago, 1907); full references to ancient authorities in A. Holder, Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz, ii. (1904). (J. H. F.)
NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826–1904), field-marshal
and colonial governor, was born on the 2nd of December 1826,
and entered the Indian army at the age of seventeen. In 1840
his father, who had been for many years a merchant in Cuba,
became a partner in a mercantile house in Calcutta, where he
was joined by his son in 1842. In 1844 the latter obtained a
cadetship. He went through the second Sikh campaign and
having attracted the favourable notice of Sir Colin Campbell
was selected by him to accompany an expedition against the
Kohat Pass Afridis in 1850 as officiating brigade-major. The
subaltern of twenty-four was given a substantive appointment
in this capacity for a splendid deed of gallantry, which is recorded
by Sir Charles Napier in the following terms: “In the pass of
Kohat a sepoy picket, descending a precipitous mountain under
fire and the rolling of large stones, had some men killed and
wounded. Four of the latter, dreadfully hurt, crept under
some rocks for shelter. They were not missed until the picket
reached the bottom, but were then discovered by our glasses,
high up and helpless. Fortunately the enemy did not see
them, and some sepoys volunteered a rescue, headed by Norman
of the 31st Native Infantry and Ensign Murray of the 70th
Native Infantry. These brave men—would that the names of
all were known to me for record!—ascended the rocks in defiance
of the enemy, and brought the wounded men down.” Norman
served in numerous frontier expeditions between 1850 and 1854,
and in the suppression of the Sonthal rebellion of 1855–56.
In the Mutiny campaign he was constantly engaged, being
present at the siege of Delhi, the relief of Lucknow and a number
of other affairs. As adjutant-general of the Delhi Field Force,
he was one of the leading spirits of the siege, and afterwards
became its chief chronicler. Altogether he was mentioned
twenty-five times in despatches. He afterwards became assistant
military secretary for Indian affairs at the Horse Guards,
military secretary to the government of India, military member
of the viceroy’s council and member of the secretary of state
for India’s council. In 1883 Sir Henry began his colonial
career as governor of Jamaica, an appointment from which
he was transferred in 1888 to the governorship of Queensland.
Here he remained until 1895, when he came home to act as
agent-general for the colony in London. In 1893 he was offered
the viceroyalty of India, but, after first accepting, declined it.
In 1897 he was chairman of the royal commission of inquiry
into the condition of the West Indies. In April 1901 he was
appointed governor of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, in succession
to Sir Donald Stewart. In 1902 he was made a field-marshal.
He died on the 26th of October 1904.
See Sir William Lee Warner, Memoirs of Field-marshal Sir Henry Wylie Norman (1908).
NORMAN, a city and township (coextensive) and the county-seat of Cleveland county, Oklahoma, U.S.A., about 2 m. N. of the Canadian river, and 18 m. S. by E. of Oklahoma City. Pop. (1890) 787; (1900) 2225; (1910) 3724. It is served by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé railway. It is the seat of the university of Oklahoma (chartered, 1892; opened 1894; coeducational), which includes a college of arts and sciences, schools of applied science, medicine, pharmacy, mines and fine arts, and a preparatory school, and in 1908 had 56 instructors and 790 students. The Oklahoma Insane Asylum is in the city. Cottonseed oil, flour and ice are manufactured, and the neighbouring region produces much cotton, Indian corn, oats, alfalfa and wheat. Hogs, cattle and sheep are raised. The first settlement here was made in 1889, and Norman was chartered as a city in 1902.
NORMANBY, CONSTANTINE HENRY PHIPPS, 1st Marquess
of (1797–1863), British statesman and author, son of Henry,
1st earl of Mulgrave (1755–1831), was born on the 15th of May
1797. The 1st earl (who was created baron in 1794 and earl
in 1812), was a distinguished soldier, and Pitt’s chief military
adviser; and he held the offices of chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster (1804), secretary for foreign affairs (1805), first lord
of the admiralty (1807–1810), and master of the ordnance
(1810–1818). In 1792 he inherited the earlier Irish barony of
Mulgrave—created in 1767 for his father, Constantine (1722–1775)
grandson of Sir Constantine Phipps (1656–1723), the
lord chancellor of Ireland—from his elder brother Constantine
(1744–1792), a distinguished naval captain. His son, the future
marquess, passed through Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge,
and sat for the family borough of Scarborough as soon
as he attained his majority. But, speaking in favour of Catholic
emancipation, and dissenting in other points from the family
politics, he resigned his seat, and went to live in Italy for some
two years. Returning in 1822, he was elected for Higham
Ferrers, and made a considerable reputation by political
pamphlets and by his speeches in the house. He was returned
for Malton at the general election of 1826, becoming a supporter
of Canning. He was already known as a writer of romantic
tales, The English in Italy (1825); in the same year he made his
appearance as a novelist with Matilda, and in 1828 he produced
