| Jesse Franklin | Dem.-Repub. | 1820–1821 |
| Gabriel Holmes | ,, | 1821–1824 |
| Hutchings G. Burton | ,, | 1824–1827 |
| James Iredell | ,, | 1827–1828 |
| John Owen | Democrat | 1828–1830 |
| Montford Stokes | ,, | 1830–1832 |
| David Lowry Swain | ,, | 1832–1835 |
| Richard Dobbs Spaight, Jr. | ,, | 1835–1837 |
| Edward Bishop Dudley | Whig | 1837–1841 |
| John Motley Morehead | ,, | 1841–1845 |
| William Alexander Graham | ,, | 1845–1849 |
| Charles Manly | ,, | 1849–1851 |
| David Settle Reid | Democrat | 1851–1854 |
| Warren Winslow (ex-officio) | ,, | 1854–1855 |
| Thomas Bragg | ,, | 1855–1859 |
| John Willis Ellis | ,, | 1859–1861 |
| Henry Toole Clark (ex-officio) | ,, | 1861–1862 |
| Zebulon Baird Vance | ,, | 1862–1865 |
| William Woods Holden | Provisional | 1865 |
| Jonathan Worth | Conservative | 1865–1867 |
| Gen. Daniel Edgar Sickles | Military | 1867 |
| Gen. Ed. Richard Sprigg Canby | ,, | 1867–1868 |
| William Woods Holden | Republican | 1868–1870 |
| Tod R. Caldwell | ,, | 1870–1874 |
| Curtis Hooks Brogden | ,, | 1874–1877 |
| Zebulon Baird Vance | Democrat | 1877–1879 |
| Thomas Jordan Jarvis | ,, | 1879–1885 |
| Alfred Moore Scales | ,, | 1885–1889 |
| Daniel Gould Fowle | ,, | 1889–1891 |
| Thomas Michael Holt | ,, | 1891–1893 |
| Elias Carr | ,, | 1893–1897 |
| Daniel Lindsay Russell | Republican | 1897–1901 |
| Charles Brantley Aycock | Democrat | 1901–1905 |
| Robert Brodnax Glenn | ,, | 1905–1909 |
| William Walton Kitchin | ,, | 1909– |
Bibliography.—For physical description, resources, industries, &c. see State Board of Agriculture, North Carolina and its Resources (Raleigh, 1896); North Carolina Geological Survey Reports (Raleigh, 1852, sqq.); the publications of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey (Raleigh, 1893, sqq.), e.g. Water Powers in North Carolina (1899), by G. F. Swain, Joseph H. Holmes and E. W. Myers, Gold Mining in North Carolina and other Appalachian States (1897), by H. B. C. Nitze and A. J. Wilkins, The Tin Deposits of the Carolinas (1905), by J. H. Pratt and D. B. Sterrett, Building and Ornamental Stones of North Carolina (1907), by T. L. Watson and others. The Fishes of North Carolina (1907), by Hugh M. Smith, and History of the Gems found in North Carolina (1908), by G. F. Kunz; Report of the Secretary of Agriculture in Relation to the Forests, Rivers and Mountains of the Southern Appalachian Region (Washington, 1902); Climatology of North Carolina (Raleigh, 1892); and H. Thompson, From the Cotton Field to the Cotton Mill, a Study of the Industrial Transition in North Carolina (New York, 1906), contains some interesting observations on the changes in social conditions resulting from the growth of the cotton-manufacturing industry. John W. Moore, History of North Carolina (2 vols., Raleigh, 1880); S. A’Court Ashe, History of North Carolina (2 vols., Greensboro, 1908–) are general surveys. Cornelia P. Spencer, First Steps in North Carolina History (6th ed., Raleigh, 1893), is a brief elementary book written for use in the public schools. For the colonial and revolutionary periods there are some excellent studies. C. L. Raper, North Carolina: a Study in English Colonial Government (New York, 1904), treats of the royal period (1729–1776) from the legal point of view; J. S. Bassett, Constitutional Beginnings of North Carolina (Baltimore, 1894); The Regulators of North Carolina (Washington, 1894); and Slavery in the State of North Carolina (Baltimore, 1899), are all trustworthy. S. B. Weeks deals with the religious history in his Religious Development in the Province of North Carolina (Baltimore, 1892), Church and State in North Carolina (Baltimore, 1893) and Southern Quakers and Slavery (Baltimore, 1896); he is anti-Anglican, but judicial. E. W. Sikes, The Transition of North Carolina from Colony to Commonwealth (Baltimore, 1898), based on the public records, is accurate, though dull. There is a considerable controversial literature concerning the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence; W. H. Hoyt’s The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence (New York, 1907) is the best presentation of the view generally adopted by competent historians that the alleged Declaration of the 20th of May 1775 is spurious; G. W. Graham, The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence (New York, 1905), and J. W. Moore, Defence of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence (1909), are perhaps the best of the attempts to prove the same Declaration genuine. The older histories of the colony are: Hugh Williamson, History of North Carolina (2 vols. Philadelphia, 1812), which deals with the period before 1771 and is meagre and full of errors; F. X. Martin, History of North Carolina (2 vols., New Orleans, 1829), which deals with the period before 1776, contains much irrelevant matter and is of little value; F. L. Hawks, History of North Carolina (2 vols. Fayetteville, N.C., 1857–1858), written from the established church point of view, the best and fullest treatment of the proprietary period (1663–1729); and W. D. Cooke (ed.), Revolutionary History of North Carolina (Raleigh and New York, 1853), containing a defence of the Regulators. For the Reconstruction period see J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina (Raleigh, 1906); Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the late Insurrectionary States, being the 42nd Congress, 2nd session, House Report 22 (13 vols., Washington, 1872; vol. ii. deals with North Carolina); and Hilary A. Herbert et al. Why the Solid South? or Reconstruction and its Results (Baltimore, 1890). The chief published sources are The Colonial Records of North Carolina (10 vols., Raleigh, 1886–1890); and The State Records of North Carolina (vols. 11-20, 1776–1788; other vols., in continuation of the colonial series, Winston (11-15) and Goldsboro (16-20), 1895–1902; the series is to be continued). The best bibliography is S. B. Weeks, Bibliography of Historical Literature of North Carolina (Cambridge, 1895).
NORTHCOTE, JAMES (1746–1831), English painter, was
born at Plymouth on the 22nd of October 1746. He was
apprenticed to his father, a poor watchmaker of the town, and
during his spare hours was diligent with brush and pencil. In
1769 he left his father and started as a portrait-painter. Four
years later he went to London and was admitted as a pupil
into the studio and house of Reynolds. At the same time he
attended the Academy schools. In 1775 he left Reynolds,
and about two years later, having acquired the requisite funds
by portrait-painting in Devonshire, he went to study in Italy.
On his return to England, three years later, he revisited his
native county, and then settled in London, where Opie and
Fuseli were his rivals. He was elected associate of the Academy
in 1786, and full academician in the following spring. The
“Young Princes murdered in the Tower,” his first important
historical work, dates from 1786, and it was followed by the
“Burial of the Princes in the Tower,” both paintings, along with
seven others, being executed for Boydell’s Shakespeare gallery,.
The “Death of Wat Tyler,” now in the Guildhall, was exhibited
in 1787; and shortly afterwards Northcote began a set of ten
subjects, entitled “The Modest Girl and the Wanton,” which were
completed and engraved in 1796. Among the productions of
Northcote’s later years are the “Entombment” and the “Agony
in the Garden,” besides many portraits, and several animal
subjects, like the “Leopards,” the “Dog and Heron,” and the
“Lion”; these latter were more successful than the artist’s efforts
in the higher departments of art, as was indicated by Fuseli’s
caustic remark on examining the “Angel opposing Balaam”—Northcote,
you are an angel at an ass, but an ass at an angel.”
The works of the artist number about two thousand, and he made
a fortune of £40,000. He died on the 13th of July 1831.
Northcote was emulous of fame as an author, and his first essays in literature were contributions to the Artist, edited by Prince Hoare. In 1813 he embodied his recollections of his old master in a Life of Reynolds. His Fables—the first series published in 1828, the second posthumously in 1833—were illustrated with woodcuts by Harvey from Northcote’s own designs. In the production of his Life of Titian, his last work, which appeared in 1830, he was assisted by William Hazlitt, who previously, in 1826, had given to the public in the New Monthly Magazine his recollections of Northcote’s pungent and cynical “conversations,” the bitter personalities of which caused much trouble to the painter and his friends.
NORTH DAKOTA, one of the North Central states of the American Union, between 45° 55′ and 49° N., and 96° 25′ and 104° 3′ W. It is bounded N. by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba, S. by South Dakota, W. by Montana and E. by Minnesota, from which it is separated by the Red river (or Red river of the North). North Dakota has an extreme length, E. and W., of 360 m., an extreme width, N. and S., of 210 m., and a total area of 70,837 sq. m., of which 654 sq. m. are water surface.
Topography.—North Dakota lies in the Prairie Plains and Great Plains physiographic provinces. The escarpment of the Coteau du Missouri is the dividing line, that portion to the N. and E. lying in the Prairie Plains, that to the S.W. in the Great Plains. The surface presents few striking topographic features, and may be subdivided into three vast plains or prairie tablelands rising one above the other from E. to W., the two easternmost together constituting the Prairie Plains portion of the state. The lowest of these plains is the valley of the Red river, and this valley extends along the eastern edge of the state and varies in width from 25 to 70 m. Its elevation is 965 ft. at
