de numismatique (1834–1840); N. Rondot, Les Médailleurs et les
graveurs de monnaies, &c., en France (1904); F. Mazerolle, Les
Médailleurs français (1902–1904); Periodical, Revue numismatique.
(d) Great Britain and Ireland.—R. Ruding, Annals of the Coinage
(1840); B. E. Hildebrand, Anglosachsiska Mynt (1881); E. Hawkins,
Silver Coins of England (3rd ed. by Kenyon, 1887); R. Ll. Kenyon,
Gold Coins of England (1884); C. F. Keary and H. A. Grueber, Brit.
Mus. Catal. of English Coins, i. ii. (1887, 1893); H. A. Grueber,
Handbook of Coins of Great Britain and Ireland (1899); E. Hawkins,
A. W. Franks and H. A. Grueber, Medallic Illustrations of the History
of Great Britain and Ireland (1885; plates to ditto, from 1904, in
progress); R. W. Cochran-Patrick, Records of the Coinage of Scotland
(1875); E. Burns, Coinage of Scotland (1887); Richardson, Catal.
of the Scottish Coins in the Nat. Mus., Edinburgh (1901); R. W.
Cochran-Patrick, Catalogue of the Medals of Scotland (1884); Aquilla
Smith, various papers on Irish coinage; D. T. Batty, Copper Coinage
of Great Britain, Ireland, &c. (1868–1898); W. Boyne, Trade Tokens
issued in the 17th Century (ed. G. C. Williamson, 1889); periodicals,
Numismatic Chronicle; British Numismatic Journal. (e) Low
Countries.—P. O. van der Chijs, Munten der Hertogdommen Braband
en Limburg (1851) and other works (1852–1862); R. Serrure, Dict.
géogr. de l’hist. mon. belge (1880); A. de Witte, Histoire monétaire
du Brabant (1894–1899); G. van Loon, Hist. métallique . . . des Pays-Bas
(Fr. ed. 1732–1737), supplement to ditto (1861–1871); Periodical,
Rev. belge de numismatique. (f) Switzerland.—R. S. Poole, Catal. of
Swiss Coins in South Kensington Mus. (1878); Wunderly v. Muralt,
Münz- u. Medaillen-Sammlung (1895–1899); L. Coraggioni,
Münzgesch. der Schweiz (1896); periodical, Revue suisse de numismatique.
(g) Italy.—F. and E. Gnecchi, Bibliografia numismatica
delle Zecche italiane (1889); V. Promis, Tavole sinottiche delle monete
battute in Italia (1869); Mon. dei Reali di Savoia (1841); A. Cinagli,
Mon. dei Papi (1848); F. and E. Gnecchi, Monete di Milano (1884);
N. Papadopoli, Mon. di Venezia (1893); C. Desimoni, Mon. della
Zecca di Genova (1891); J. Friedländer, Italienische Schaumünzen
(1880–1882); A. Heiss, Médailleurs de la Renaissance (1881–1892);
A. Armand, Médailleurs italiens (1883–1887); C. von Fabriczy,
Italian Medals (trans. Hamilton, 1904); periodical, Rivista italiana
di numismatic (Milan). (h) Germany.—H. P. Cappe, Münzen der
deutschen Kaiser u. Könige (1848–1850); G. Schlumberger, Bractéates
d’Allemagne (1873); H. Dannenberg, Deutsche Münzen der sächs. u.
frank. Kaiserzeit (1876–1905); A. Engel et E. Lehr, Num. d’Alsace
(1887); M. Donebauer, Sammlung böhmischer Münzen u. Medaillen
(1888–1890); E. Bahrfeldt, Münzwesen der Mark Brandenburg
(1889–1895); Sammlung in der Marienburg (1901–1906); F. von
Schrötter, Das preussische Münzwesen im 18ten Jahrh. (1902–1904);
Trésor de numismatique, “Médailles allemandes” (1841); A. Erman,
Deutsche Medailleure (1884); K. Domanig, Porträtmedaillen des
Erzhauses Österreich (1896); Kön. Museen zu Berlin, Schaumünzen
des Hauses Hohenzollern (1901); K. Domanig, Die deutsche Medaille
(1907); G. Habich, “Studien zur deutschen Renaissance-Medaille” in
Berlin Jahrbuch (1906–). Periodicals, Zeitschrift für Numismatik
(Berlin), Numismatische Zeitschrift (Vienna). (i) Poland.—E.
Hutten-Czapski, Monn. et méd. polonaises (1871–1880). (j) Russia
and Scandinavia.—Baron de Chaudoir, Monn. russes (1836–1837);
Ct. J. Tolstoi, Coins of Kieff (1882), Coins of Great Novgorod
(1884), Coins of Pskoff (1886; in Russian); Mansfeld-Bûllner, Danske
Mynter (1887); P. Hauberg, Danmarks Myntwæsen og Mynter, 1241–1377
(1885, 1886); Myntforhold og Udmyntinger i Danmark indtil
1146 (1900). (k) Latin East, &c.—G. Schlumberger, Num. de
l’orient latin (1878); E. H. Furse, L’Ordre souverain de St Jean de
Jerusalem (1885). (l) America.—D. K. Watson, Hist. of American
Coinage (1899); A. Weyl, Fonrobertsche Sammlung (1878); A. Rosa,
Monetario americano (1892); J. Meili, O Meio circulant no
Brazil (1897–1905). (m) Money of Necessity.—P. Mailliet, Monn.
obsidionales et de nécessité (1870–1873); A. Brause-Mansfeld, Feld-,
Not- und Belagerungsmünzen (1897–1903).
V. Oriental.—A. Pre-Mahommedan: (a) Persia and the Greek East.—A. de Longpérier, Médailles des rois perses de la dyn. sassanide (1840); B. V. Head, Coinage of Lydia and Persia (1877); P. Gardner, Parthian Coinage (1877); E. Babelon, Les Perses achéménides (1893); W. Wroth, “Parthia,” Brit. Mus. Catal. (1903). (b) India, &c.—J. Prinsep, Essays on Indian Antiquities (ed. Thomas, 1858); A. Cunningham, Alexander’s Successors in the East (1873); T. W. Rhys Davids, Ancient Coins, &c., of Ceylon (1877); P. Gardner, “Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India,” Brit. Mus. Catal. (1886); W. Elliott, Coins of Southern India (1886); A. Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India (1891); Coins of the Indo-Scythians (1892); Coins of Medieval India (1894); E. J. Rapson, “Indian Coins” (in Bühler’s Grundriss, 1898); Vincent A. Smith, Catal. of Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, vol. i. (1906).
B. Mahommedan: W. Marsden, Numismata orientalia (1823); C. M. Fraehn, Recensio num. Muhammedanorum (1826); F. Soret, Numismatique musulmane (1864); W. Tiesenhausen, Coins of the Oriental Khalifs (1873, Russian); R. S. Poole and S. Lane-Poole, Catal. of Oriental Coins in the British Museum (1875–1891); R. S. Poole, Catalogue of Persian Coins in the British Museum (1887); S. Lane-Poole, Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum (1884–1892); F. Codera y Zaidin, Numismatica arabigo-española (1879); H. Lavoix, Catal. des monn. musulmanes de la bibliothèque nationale, i.-iii. (1887–1891); C. J. Rodgers, Catal. of the Coins of the Indian Museum (1893–1896); Catal. of the Coins of the Lahore Museum (1893–1895); Kön. Museen zu Berlin, H. Nützel, Katalog der orientalischen Münzen, i.-ii. (1898–1902); O. Codrington, Manual of Musulman Numismatics; H. Nelson-Wright, Catal. of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, vols. ii.-iii., Sultans of Delhi and Moghul Emperors (1907–1908).
C. The Far East: W. Vissering, Chinese Currency (1877); Terrien de la Couperie, Catal. of the Chinese Coins in the Brit. Mus., 7th century B.C.–A.D. 621 (1892); J. H. S. Lockhart, Currency of the Farther East (1895–1898); N. G. Munro, Coins of Japan (1904); D. Lacroix, Numismatique annamite (1900); A. Schroeder, Annam, Études numismatiques (1905); C. T. Gardner, Coinage of Corea (Journ. North China Branch of R. Asiatic Soc., vol. xxvii.). (R. S. P.; H. A. G.; G. F. H.*)
NUMMULITE, NUMMULITES, A. d’Orbigny’s name for a
genus of Perforate Foraminifera (q.v.), distinguished by the
flattened, lenticular discoid shell of many turns, finely perforated;
chambers subdivided by incomplete septa into squarish chamberlets.
This genus is especially abundant in Eocene Limestones,
which attain great thickness around the Mediterranean basin;
the Pyramids of Egypt are built of it.
NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman), a member of a community of women, living under vows a life of religious observance (see Monasticism). In ecclesiastical Latin nonnus was used by the younger members of a religious community for their elders, and so, in the regula of St Benedict, cap. 62, Juniores autem Priores suos nonnos vocant quod intelligitur paterna reverentia (Du Cange, Glossarium, s.v. nonnus). While nonna has remained as the generic name of a female religious, nonnus has been replaced by monachus and its various derivatives (see Monk).
NUNATAK, a name applied in Greenland (and thence extended in use elsewhere) to a hill or mountain peak appearing above the surface of a glacier. Greenland is for the most part covered by an ice-cap of a certain thickness which moves slowly downwards to the sea. It will rise upwards and pass over a barrier if there is no outlet, but it will flow between and around mountain peaks leaving them standing as hills (nunataks) above the general surface of the ice-cap. These prominences are sometimes covered with arctic vegetation, and arctic flowers bloom freely upon them in the summer.
NUNCIO, or Nuntius Apostolicus, a representative of the pope sent on diplomatic mission. The nuncios are of lower rank than the legati a latere, but have practically superseded them as ambassadors of the papacy. Nuncios were permanently established at various courts and ecclesiastical centres during the 16th century. According to the decision of the congress of Vienna the diplomatic rank of a papal nuncio corresponds to that of an ambassador. The powers of a nuncio are limited by his instructions. If a cardinal, as rarely is the case, he uses the title pro-nuntius. The pro-nuntius at Vienna has practically the position of a legatus a latere.
NUNCOMAR or Nanda Kumar (d. 1775), Indian official, best known for his connexion with Warren Hastings (q.v.), was governor of Hugli in 1756, and in 1764 he was appointed collector of Burdwan in place of Hastings, which resulted in a long-standing enmity. In 1775, when Hastings was governor-general, Nuncomar brought accusations of peculation against him, which were entertained by Francis and the other members of council inimical to Hastings. While the matter was still pending Nuncomar was indicted for forgery, condemned and executed. Warren Hastings and Sir Elijah Impey, the chief justice, were both impeached, and were accused by Burke and afterwards by Macaulay of committing a judicial murder; but Sir James Stephen, who examined the trial in detail, states that the indictment for forgery arose in the ordinary course, was not brought forward by Hastings, and that Impey conducted the trial with fairness and impartiality.
See Sir James Stephen, The Story of Nuncomar (2 vols., 1885); and, for another treatment of the case, H. Beveridge, The Trial of Nanda Kumar (Calcutta, 1886).
NUNEATON, a market town and municipal borough in the Nuneaton parliamentary division of Warwickshire, England, on the river Anker, a tributary of the Tame, and on the Coventry canal. It is an important junction of the London and North
