an action against any one thenceforth calling him traitor or felon. He cannot refuse to give evidence respecting the offence pardoned on the ground that his answer would tend to criminate him. A pardon may be pleaded on arraignment in bar of an indictment (though not of an impeachment), or after verdict in arrest of judgment. No doubt it would generally be advantageous to plead it as early as possible.
It is obvious that, though the Crown is invested with the right to pardon, this does not prevent pardon being granted by the higher authority of an act of parliament. Acts of indemnity have frequently been passed, the effect of which is the same as pardon or remission by the Crown. Examples of acts of indemnity are two private acts passed in 1880 to relieve Lords Byron and Plunket from the disabilities and penalties to which they were liable for sitting and voting in the House of Peers without taking the oath.
Civil rights are not divested by pardon. The person injured may have a right of action against the offender in spite of the pardon of the latter, if the right of action has once vested, for the Crown cannot affect private rights. In Scotland this civil right is specially preserved by various statutes. Thus 1593, c. 174, provides that, if any respite or remission happen to be granted before the party grieved be first satisfied, the same is to be null and of none avail. The assythment, or indemnification due to the heirs of the person murdered from the murderer, is due if the murderer has received pardon, though not if he has suffered the penalty of the law. The pardon transmitted by the secretary of state is applied by the supreme court, who grant the necessary orders to the magistrates in whose custody the convict is.
In the United States the president is empowered to pardon offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachments (U. S. Constitution, art. ii. § 2). The power of pardon is also vested in the executive authority of the different states, with or without the concurrence of the legislative authority, although in some states there are boards of pardon of which the governor is a member ex officio. Thus by the New York Code of Criminal Procedure the governor of the state of New York has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, except in the case of treason, where he can only suspend the execution of the sentence until the case can be reported to the legislature, with whom the power of pardon in this case rests. The usual form of pardon in the United States is by deed under seal of the executive.
PARDUBITZ (Czech, Pardubic), a town of Bohemia, Austria, 65 m. E. of Prague by rail. Pop. (1900), 17,029, mostly Czech. The most interesting buildings are the old fortified château of
the i6th century, with its Gothic chapel restored in 1880; the
church of St Bartholomew, dating in its present form from
1538; the new town hall (1894); the Grünes Tor, also built in
1538; and the handsome new synagogue. Pardubitz has a
tolerably active trade in grain and timber, and the horse-fairs
attract numerous customers.
PARÉ, AMBROISE (1510-1590), French surgeon, was born
at Laval, in the province of Maine, and died at Paris in 1590.
His professional career and services to his art are described in
the article Surgery. A collection of his works was published
at Paris in 1575 and they were afterwards frequently reprinted.
Several editions have appeared in German and Dutch, and
among the English translations was that of Thomas Johnson
(1665).
See J. F. Malgaigne, Œuvres complètes (Paris, 1840); Le Paulmier, Ambroise Paré d'après de nouveaux documents decouverts aux archives nationales et de papiers de famille (Paris, 1885); Stephen Paget, Ambroise Paré and his Times (London, 1897).
PAREJA, JUAN DE (1606–1670), Spanish painter, was born a slave in the West Indies about 1606, and in early life passed into the service of Velazquez, who employed him in colour grinding and other menial work of the studio. By day he closely watched his master's methods, and by night stealthily practised with his brushes until he had attained considerable manipulative skill. The story goes that, having succeeded in producing a picture satisfactory to himself, he contrived furtively
to place it among those on which Velazquez had been working,
immediately before an expected visit of King Philip IV. The performance
was duly discovered and praised, and Pareja forthwith
received his freedom, which, however, he continued to devote
to his former employer's service. His extant works are not very
numerous; the best known, the " Calling of St Matthew," now in
the Prado, Madrid, has considerable merit as regards technique,
but does not reveal much originality, insight or devotional
feeling. He died in 1670.
PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855–), Canadian politician, son of Simon Polycarpe Parent, ' merchant, was born in the village of Beauport, in the province of Quebec, on the 12th of September 1855. He was educated at Laval University, where he graduated in 1881. In the same year he was called to the bar of the province of Quebec. He married in 1877 Marie Louise Clara Gendron, of Beauport. In 1890 Parent was elected a member of the municipal council of Quebec, and served as mayor
of the city from 1894 to 1906. From the year 1890 to 1905 he represented the county of Saint-Sauveur as a Liberal in the
legislative assembly of his native province, and on the formation
of the Marchand administration in 1897 he accepted the portfolio
of minister of lands, forests and fisheries. After Marchand's
death in September 1900 he was caUed by the lieutenant-governor
to form a cabinet, and continued in office as prime minister
until his retirement from public life in August 1905. Parent
proved a capable administrator of provincial and municipal
affairs. Under his administration the finances of the city of
Quebec were improved, an electric car service was provided,
public parks were opened, a system of electric light was established
and the streets were well paved. In 1905 he became
chairman of the Transcontinental railway of Canada.
PARENTHESIS (from Gr. παρεντιθέναι, put in alongside), the grammatical term denoting the insertion (and so also the
signs for such insertion) of a word, phrase or sentence between
other words or in another sentence, without interfering with the
construction, and serving a qualifying, explanatory or supplementary
purpose. In writing or printing such parenthetical
words or sentences are marked off by commas, dashes, or, more
usually, by square or semi-circular brackets.
PARENZO, a seaport of Austria, in Istria, 95 m. S. by W. of Trieste by rail. Pop. (1900), 9962, mostly Italian. It is situated on the west coast of Istria, and is built on a peninsula nowhere more than 5 ft. above the sea-level; and from the fact that the pavements of the Roman period are 3 ft. below the present surface it is inferred that this part of the coast is slowly subsiding.
Parenzo has considerable historic and architectural interest, and its well-preserved cathedral of St Maurus, erected probably between 535 and 543, is one of the most interesting buildings
in the whole of Austria. The basilica type is very pure; there
are three naves; the apse is hexagonal without and round within.
The total length of the church proper is only 120 ft.; but in front
of the west entrance is a square atrium with three arches on
each side; to the west of the atrium is a now roofless baptistery,
and to the west of that rises the campanile; so that the total
length from campanile to apse is about 230 ft. Mosaics, now greatly spoiled, form the chief decoration of both outside and inside. The high altar is covered with a noble baldachin, dating from 1277. The basilica is one of those churches in which the priest when celebrating mass stands behind the altar with his face to the west. An older church is referred to in the inscription of Euphrasius in the mosaic of the apse of the cathedral, and remains of its mosaic pavement and of its apse have been found under the floor of the present church; it belongs perhaps to the 5th century A.D.; while at a still lower level another pavement, perhaps of the 4th century A.D., has been discovered, belonging to the first church, which lay to the north of the present. Several inscriptions mention the name of donors of parts of it. The mosaic pavement of the present church was almost entirely destroyed in 1880, when the floor level was raised. Small portions of two temples and an inscribed stone are the only remains of the ancient Roman city that
