(Philadelphia, 1801 sqq. and Harrisburg, 1802 sqq.); and The
Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1896 sqq.), published
under an act of 1887. Some valuable information is to be found
in B. A. and M. L. Hinsdale, History and Civil Government of
Pennsylvania . . . (Chicago, 1899); and in the various editions of
Smull's Legislative Handbook and Manual. For the history of
penal and charitable institutions, see the Annual Reports of the
Board of Commissioners of Public Charities (Harrisburg, 1871 sqq.);
the Annual Reports of the Committee on Lunacy (Harrisburg, 1883
sqq.); and Amos H. Mylin, Penal and Charitable Institutions of
Pennsylvania (2 vols., Harrisburg, 1897), an official publication,
well written and handsomely illustrated. For educational history,
see N. C. Schaeffer, The Common School Laws of Pennsylvania
(Harrisburg, 1904); B. A. Hinsdale, Documents Illustrative of
American Educational History (Washington, 1895); and J. P.
Wickersham, History of Education in Pennsylvania (Lancaster,
1886), one of the best state histories of education. For finance
and banking, see the annual reports of the state treasurer, auditor-general,
sinking fund commissioners, and the commissioner of
banking, all published at Harrisburg; An Historical Sketch of the
Paper Money of Pennsylvania, by a member of the Numismatic
Society of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1862); and B. M. Mead,
A Brief Review of the Financial History of Pennsylvania . . . to
the Present Time (1682–1881) (Harrisburg, 1881).}}
The only complete history of the entire period is Howard M. Jenkins, et al., Pennsylvania, Colonial and Federal (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1903). This is especially valuable for the detailed histories of gubernatorial administrations from 1790 to 1903. The third volume contains useful chapters on education, the judiciary, the medical profession, journalism, military affairs, internal improvements, &c. S. G. Fisher, Pennsylvania, Colony and Commonwealth (Philadelphia, 1897) contains the best short account of the colonial and revolutionary history, but it gives only a very brief summary of the period since 1783. W. R. Shepherd, History of Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania (New York, 1896), a detailed study of the proprietary from the political, governmental and territorial points of view, is scholarly, and gives a good account of the boundary disputes with Maryland, Virginia, New York and Connecticut. Among the older standard works are Samual Hazard, Annals of Pennsylvania from the Discovery of the Delaware, 1609–1682 (Philadelphia, 1850), an elaborate account of the early Dutch and Swedish settlements on the Delaware river and bay; and Robert Proud, History of the Pennsylvania from 1681 until after the year 1742 (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1797–1798), written from the Quaker standpoint. For early literary history, see M. K. Jackson, Outline of the Literary History of Colonial Pennsylvania (New York, 1908). W. H. Egle, Illustrated History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1877), contains trustworthy histories of individual counties by various writers. J. B. McMaster and F. D. Stone, Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 1787–1788 (Philadelphia, 1888), is a useful work. For the anti-Masonic movement, see Charles McCarthy, The Anti-Masonic Party (Washington, 1903). S. G. Fisher, The Making of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1896), introductory to the same author's Colony and Commonwealth, is an interesting study of the various nationalities and religions represented among the settlers of the state. For the period of Quaker predominance (1681–1756), see Isaac Sharpless, History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1898–1899). See also J. Taylor Hamilton's “History of the Moravian Church” (Nazareth, Pa., 1900), vol. vi. of the Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society; Proceedings and Addresses of the Pennsylvania German Society, vols. vii. and viii. (Reading, 1897–1898); J. F. Sachse, German Pietists of Provincial Pennsylvania, 1694–1708 (Philadelphia, 1895), and German Sectarians of Pennsylvania, 1708–1800 (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1899–1901). The chief sources are the Pennsylvania Archives (first series, 12 vols., Philadelphia, 1852–1856; second series, 19 vols., Harrisburg, 1874–1893; and third series, 4 vols., Harrisburg, 1894–1895); Colonial Records, 1683–1790 (16 vols., Philadelphia, 1852); and Samuel Hazard, Register of Pennsylvania (16 vols., Philadelphia, 1828–1836). The Pennsylvania Historical Society, organized in Philadelphia in 1825, has published 14 vols. of Memoirs (1826–1895), a Bulletin of 13 numbers (1845–1847), one volume of Collections (1853), and the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, a Quarterly (1877 sqq.). There is a good account of the public archives, both printed and manuscript, in the first report of the Public Archives Commission of the American Historical Association, published in vol. ii. of the annual report of the association for the year 1900 (Washington, 1901).
PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF, an American institution
of higher learning, in Philadelphia, occupying about 60 acres,
near the west bank of the Schuylkill river, north-east of the
Philadelphia Hospital, east of 39th Street, south-east of
Woodland Avenue, and south of Chestnut Street. In this
irregular area are all the buildings except the Flower
Astronomical Observatory (1896), which is 2 m. beyond the
city limits on the West Chester Pike. The northernmost
of these buildings is the law school, between Chestnut
and Sansom Streets, on 34th Street. In a great triangular
block bounded by Woodland Avenue, Spruce Street, and 34th
Street are: the university library, which had in 1909 about
275,000 bound volumes and 50,000 pamphlets, including the
Biddle Memorial law library (1886) of 40,000 volumes, the
Colwell and Henry C. Carey collections in finance and economics,
the Francis C. Macauley library of Italian, Spanish and
Portuguese authors, with an excellent Dante collection, the classical
library of Ernst von Leutsch of Göttingen, the philological
library of F. A. Pott of Halle, the Germanic library of R.
Bechstein of Rostock, the Semitic library of C. P. Caspari of
Copenhagen, the (Hebrew and Rabbinical) Marcus Jastrow Memorial
library, the ethnological library of D. G. Brinton, and several
special medical collections; College Hall, with the university
offices; Howard Houston Hall (1896) the students' club; Logan
Hall; the Robert Hare chemical laboratory; and (across 36th
Street) the Wistar institute of anatomy and biology.
Immediately east of this triangular block are: Bennett House; the
Randal Morgan laboratory of physics; the engineering building
(1906); the laboratory of hygiene (1892); dental hall; and the
John Harrison laboratory of chemistry. Farther east are the
gymnasium, training quarters and Franklin (athletic) field, with
brick grand-stands. South of Spruce Street are: the free
museum of science and art (1899), the north-western part of
a projected group, with particularly valuable American,
Egyptian, Semitic and Cretan collections, the last two being the
results in part of university excavations at Nippur (1888-1902)
and at Gournia (1901-1904); between 34th and 36th Streets
the large and well-equipped university hospital (1874); large
dormitories, consisting in 1909, of 29 distinct but connected
houses; medical laboratories; a biological hall and vivarium;
and across Woodland Avenue, a veterinary hall and hospital.
The university contains various departments, including the college (giving degrees in arts, science, biology, music, architecture, &c.), the graduate school (1882), a department of law (founded in 1790 and re-established in 1850) and a department of medicine (first professor, 1756; first degrees granted, 1768), the oldest and probably the most famous medical school in America. Graduation from the school of arts in the college is dependent on the successful completion of 60 units of work (the unit is one hour's work a week for a year in lectures or recitations or two hours' work a week for a year in laboratory courses); this may be done in three, four or five years; of the 60 counts: 22 must be required in studies (chemistry, 2 units; English, 6; foreign languages, 6; history, logic and ethics, mathematics, and physics, 2 each); 18 must be equally distributed in two or three “groups” the 19 groups include astronomy, botany, chemistry, economics, English, fine arts, French, geology, German, Greek, history, Latin, mathematics, philosophy, physics, political science, psychology, sociology and zoology; and in the remaining 20 units the student's election is practically free. Special work in the senior year of the college counts 8 units for the first year's work in the department of medicine. College scholarships are largely local, two being in the gift of the governor of the state, fifty being for graduates of the public schools of the city of Philadelphia, and five being for graduates of Pennsylvania public schools outside Philadelphia; in 1909 there were twenty-eight scholarships in the college not local. In the graduate school there are five fellowships for research, each with an annual stipend of $800, twenty-one fellowships valued at $500 each, for men only, and five fellowships for women, besides special fellowships and 39 scholarships.
The corporation of the university is composed of a board of twenty-four trustees, of which the governor of Pennsylvania is ex-officio president. The directing head of the university, and the head of the university faculty and of the faculty of each department is the provost—a title rarely used in American universities; the provost is president pro tempore of the board of trustees.
In 1908-1909 the university had 454 officers of instruction, of whom 220 were in the college and 157 in the department
