References.—The literature dealing with the Permian and Permo-Carboniferous is very extensive; H. B. Geinitz, J. Marcou, Sir R. I Murchison, Sir A. C. Ramsay, H. Potonxé, R. Zeiller, O Feistmantel, E. A. Newell, Arber, A. C. Seward, F. Bischoff, C. Ochsensius, E. Mojsisovxcs, V. Amalitzky, F. Noetling, C. Diener, A. Tschneryschew, A. Karpinsky, W. Waagen, H. F. and W. T. Blanford, G H. Girty and very many others have made important contributions to the subject. Numerous references will be found in Sir A. Geikie, Textbook of Geology, 4th ed., and in the annual Geological Literature of the Geological Society of London. See also an interesting summary by C. Schuchert, “The Russian Carboniferous and Permian compared with those of India and America,” Amer. Journ. Sci. (1906), 4th series, vol. xxii. pp. 29 seq. and a general account of the system in Lethaea geognostica, Th. I. Bd. II, F. Frech and others (Stuttgart 1897-1902). H. Everding, "Zur Geologie der deutschen Zechsteinsalze." Kgl. geolog Landesanst. (Berlin, 1907) gives a full account of the salt and potassium-bearing beds. (J. A. H.)
PERNAMBUCO, a north-eastern state of Brazil, bounded N. by Ceará. and Parahyba, E. by the Atlantic, S. by Alagôas and
Bahia, and W. by Piauhy. Area, 49,573 sq. m.; pop. (1900),
1,178,150. It comprises a comparatively narrow coastal zone,
a high inland plateau, and an intermediate zone formed by the
terraces and slopes between the two. Its surface is much broken
by the remains of the ancient plateau which has been worn down
by erosion, leaving escarpments and ranges of flat-topped
mountains, called chapadas, capped in places by horizontal
layers of sandstone. Ranges of these chapadas form the
boundary lines with three states—the Serras dos Irmāos and
Vermelha with Piauhy, the Serra do Araripe with Ceará, and the
Serra dos Cariris Velhos with Parahyba. The coastal zone is
low, well-wooded and fertile. It has a hot, humid climate,
relieved to some extent by the south-east trade winds. This
region is locally known as the mattas (forests). The middle zone,
called the caatinga or agreste region, has a drier climate and
lighter vegetation. The inland region, called the sertāo, is high,
stony, and dry, and frequently devastated by prolonged droughts
(sêccas). The climate is characterized by hot days and cool
nights, and is considered healthy, though the daily change tends
to provoke bronchial, catarrhal and inflammatory diseases.
There are two clearly defined seasons, a rainy season from March
to June, and a dry season for the remaining months. The rivers
of the state include a number of small plateau streams flowing
southward to the Sāo Francisco River, and several large streams
in the eastern part flowing eastward to the Atlantic. The former
are the Moxotó, Ema, Pajehú, Terra Nova, Brigida, Bôa Vista
and Pontal, and are dry channels the greater part of the year.
The largest of the coastal rivers are the Goyanna, which is formed
by the confluence of the Tracunhaem and Capibaribe-mirim,
and drains a rich agricultural region in the north-east part of
the state, the Capibaribe, which has its source in the Serra de
Jacarará and flows eastward to the Atlantic at Recife with a
course of nearly 300 m.; the Ipojuca, which rises in the Serra de
Aldeia Velha and reaches the coast south of Recife, the Serinhaen
and the Una. A large tributary of the last—the Rio Jacuhipe,
forms part of the boundary line with Alagôas.
Pernambuco is chiefly agricultural, the lowlands being devoted to sugar and fruit, with coffee in some of the more elevated localities, the agreste region to cotton, tobacco, Indian corn, beans and stock, and the sertāo to grazing and in some localities to cotton. Sugar, molasses, rum (aguardente or cachaça), tobacco and fruit are largely exported. Coco-nuts, cacao, bananas, mangoes and other tropical fruits are produced in profusion, but the production of foodstuffs (beans, Indian corn, mandioca, &c.) is not sufficient for local consumption. Mangabeira rubber is collected to a limited extent, and piassava fibre is an article of export. Orchids are also collected for export in the districts of Garanhuns and Timbaúba. Cotton-weaving and cigar-making are the principal manufacturing industries, after the large engenhos devoted to the manufacture of sugar and rum. The railways of the state are the Recife and Sāo Francisco (77 m.), Central de Pernambuco (132 m.) and Sul de Pernambuco (120 m.)—all government properties leased to the Great Western of Brazil Railway Co., Ltd., since 1901. Besides these there are the line from Recife to Limoeiro and Timbaúba (112 m.), with an extension from Timbaúba to Pilar (24 m.). All these lines concentrate at the port of Recife. The capital of the state is Recife, commonly known among foreigners as Pernambuco. There are a number of large towns in the state, but the census returns include their populations in those of the municipios (communes) to which they belong. The most important are: Bezerros (17,484), Bom Jardim (40,160), Brejo da Madre de Deus (13,655), a town of the higher agreste region, Cabo (13,337), Caruarú (17,844), Escada (9331), Garanhuns (32,788, covering six towns and villages), Gloria de Goytá (24,554), Goyanna, Limoeiro (21,576), Olinda (8080), the old colonial capital and episcopal see, Rio Formosa (6080), Timbaúba (9514) and Victoria (32,422).
Pernambuco was first settled in 1526 by Christovāo Jacques who founded a settlement on the Rio Iguarassú that was afterwards abandoned. The first permanent settlement was made by Duarte Coelho Pereira at Olinda in 1530, and four years later he was granted a capitania of 50 leagues extending from the mouth of the Sao Francisco northward to that of the Iguarassú. Adjacent to this grant on the north was the capitania of Itamaracá, granted to Pero Lopes de Souza, which covered the remainder of the present state. The capitania of Pernambuco was ably governed and took an active part in the expulsion of the French from the trading posts established along the coast northward to Maranhāo, and in establishing Portuguese colonies in their places. In 1630 Pernambuco was occupied by the Dutch and continued under their rule until 1654. Although an active guerrilla warfare was waged against the Dutch during a large part of that period, they did much to promote the agricultural and commercial interests of the colony, especially under the wise administration of Maurice of Nassau. In 1817 Pernambuco was the scene of a revolutionary outbreak, which resulted in the separation of the present states of Alagôas and Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará and Parahyba having been detached in 1799. There was another insurrection in 1822 when the Portuguese captain-general, Luiz de Rego, and his garrison was expelled, and in 1824 dissatisfaction with the arbitrary proceedings of Dom Pedro I. at Rio de Janeiro led to a separatist revolution for the formation of a new state, to be called the Federaçāo do Equador. There was another outbreak in 1831 and frequent disorders down to 1848, when they culminated in another unsuccessful revolution. The population of the Pernambuco sertāo has always been noted for its turbulent, lawless character, due partly to distance from the coast where the bulk of the population is concentrated, partly to difficult means of communication, and partly to the fact that this remote region has long been the refuge of criminals from the coast towns.
PERNAU (in Russ. Pernov and in Esthonian Pernolin), a seaport and watering-place of western Russia, in the government of Livonia, 155 m. N. of Riga, on the left bank of the Pernau or Pernova, which about half a mile farther down enters the Bay of Pernau, the northern arm of the Gulf of Riga. Pop., 12,8S0. The harbour is usually free from ice from the end of April to the middle of December.
Founded on the right side of the river in 1255 by one of the bishops of Oesel, Pernau soon became a flourishing place. In the 16th century it was occupied in succession by the Swedes, the Poles and the Teutonic Knights. After 1599 the Poles transferred the town to the left side of the river; and in 1642 the Swedes, who had been in possession since 1617, strengthened it with regular fortifications. In 1710 it was taken by the Russians, and the fortress is now demolished.
PERNE, ANDREW (c. 1519-1589), vice-chancellor of Cambridge University and dean of Ely, born about 1591, was son of John Perne of East Bilney, Norfolk. He was educated at St John's college, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1539, B.D. in 1547 and D.D. in 1552. He was elected fellow of Queens' in 1540, and vice-president in 1551, and was five times vice-chancellor; but he owes his notoriety to his remarkable versatility, and, like the vicar of Bray, he was always faithful to the national religion, whatever it might be. In April 1547 he advocated Catholic doctrines, but recanted two months later, and his
