was never happier than when he had to face down a mob and utterly foil it by sheer superiority in fencing. The two volumes of his speeches, as edited by James Redpath, were fortunately made from verbatim reports, and they wisely enclose in parentheses those indications of favour or dissent from the audience which transformed so many of his speeches into exhibitions of gladiatorial skill. He was a tribune of the people, associated unflinchingly not merely with the unpopular but with the unpolished; always carrying about him not merely a certain Roman look, but a patrician air. After slavery had fallen Phillips associated himself freely with reformers occupied in other paths, herein separating himself from the other patrician of the movement, Edmund Quincy, who always frankly said that after slavery was abolished there was nothing else worth fighting for. Among other things, Phillips contended, during his later years, for prohibition, woman suffrage and various penal and administrative reforms. He was not always the best judge of character, and was sometimes allied in these movements with men who were little more than demagogues. But the proof he gave by his transfer of energies that the work of reform was never quite finished — this was something of peculiar value, and worth the risk of some indiscretions. The life of a reformer did not in itself make him thoroughly happy; he chafed more and more under its fatigues, and he always felt that his natural place would have been among senators or ambassadors; but he belonged essentially to the heroic type, and it may well have been of him that Emerson was thinking when he wrote those fine words: “What forests of laurel we bring and the tears of mankind to him who stands firm against the opinion of his contemporaries.” His domestic life was most happy, though his wife was a confirmed invalid, seldom quitting her room. She was a woman of heroic nature and very strong convictions. Her husband used to say that she first made him an abolitionist. They had no children, but adopted an orphaned daughter of Mrs Eliza Garnaut, a friend, and this young girl (afterwards the wife of George W. Smalley), brought much light and joy into the household. Their worldly circumstances were easy, though they were always ready to impoverish themselves for the sake of others. Wendell Phillips died in Boston on the 2nd of February 1884.
See Lorenzo Sears, Wendell Phillips, Orator and Agitator (New York, 1909) (T. W. H.)
PHILLIPS, WILLIAM (1775–1828), British mineralogist and geologist, son of James Phillips, printer and bookseller in London, was born on the 10th of May 1775. He early became interested in mineralogy and geology, and was one of the founders of the Geological Society of London (1807). His Outlines of Mineralogy and Geology (1815) and Elementary Introduction to the Knowledge of Mineralogy (1816) became standard textbooks. His digest of English geology, A selection of Facts from the Best Authorities, arranged so as to form an Outline of the Geology of England and Wales (1818), formed the foundation of the
larger work undertaken by Phillips in conjunction with W. D.
Conybeare, of which only the first part was published, entitled
Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales (1822). This
volume made an era in geology As a model of careful original
observation, of judicious compilation, of succinct description
and of luminous arrangement it has been of the utmost service
in the development of geology in Britain. In this work Phillips
reprinted his admirable description of the chalk cliffs of Dover
and other parts of East Kent, published in 1819 in Trans. Geol. Soc vol v. Phillips was a member of the Society of Friends.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1827. He
died on the 2nd of April 1828.
His brother, Richard Phillips (1778–1851), was distinguished as a chemist, and became F.R S. in 1822. He was appointed chemist and curator to the Museum of Economic (afterwards Practical) Geology, then situated in Craig's Court (1839). He was the author of papers published in the Annals of Philosophy and Philosophical Magazine In 1796 the two brothers, together with William Allen and Luke Howard, took part in forming the Askesian Society.
PHILLIPSBURG, a town of Warren county, New Jersey,
U.S.A, on the Delaware river, opposite Easton, Pennsylvania,
and about 51 m. N.N.W. of Trenton, N.J. Pop. (1900) 10,052,
of whom 990 were foreign-born; (1910 US census) 13,903.
Served by the Central of New Jersey and other railways, the
town is situated in the river bottom and on a bluff which
commands beautiful views. The river is spanned here by
several bridges. The town has railway shops and various manufactures.
In 1905 the value of the factory products was
$6,684,173 (45·8% more than in 1900). Phillipsburg was settled
about 1750. It was only a straggling village when the Morris
Banking and Canal Company was chartered in 1824, but its
growth was accelerated by the canal (no longer used), by the
establishment in 1848 of an iron furnace, and by the completion
of the Central Railroad of New Jersey to this point in 1852;
the town was incorporated in 1861.
PHILLIPSITE, a mineral of the zeolite group; a hydrated potassium, calcium and aluminium silicate, approximating to (K2, Ca)Al2(SiO3)4·4H2O. It varies somewhat in composition, and a variety (“pseudophillipsite”) containing rather less
silica has the formula (K2, Ca)2Al4Si5O18·9H2O. Crystals are monoclinic, but only complex cruciform twins are known, these being exactly like twins of harmotome (q.v.). Crystals of phillipsite are, however, usually smaller and more transparent and glassy than those of harmotome. Spherical groups with
a radially fibrous structure and bristled with crystals on the
surface are not uncommon. The hardness is 412, and the
specific gravity 2·2. The species was established by A. Lévy
in 1825 and named after William Phillips. French authors
use the name christianite (after Christian VIII. of Denmark),
given by A. Des Cloizeaux in 1847.
Phillipsite is a mineral of secondary origin, and occurs with other zeolites in the amygdaloidal cavities of basic volcanic rocks: e.g. in the basalt of the Giant's Causeway in County Antrim, and near Melbourne in Victoria, and in lencitite near Rome. Small crystals of recent formation have been observed in the masonry of the hot baths at Plombières and Bourbonne-les-Bains, in France. Minute spherical aggregates embedded in red clay were dredged by the “Challenger” from the bottom of the Central Pacific, where they had been formed by the decomposition of lava. (L. J. S.)
PHILLPOTTS, HENRY (1778–1869), English bishop, was born at Bridgwater on the 6th of May 1778, and was educated at
Gloucester College school and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
He became a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1795, took
orders in 1802, and was select university preacher in 1804.
In 1805 he received the living of Stainton-le-Street, Durham, and
in addition was appointed to Bishop Middleham, Durham, in the
succeeding year. For twenty years he was chaplain to Shute
Barrington, bishop of Durham. He was appointed vicar of
Gateshead in 1808, prebendary of Durham in 1809, and vicar
of St Margaret, Durham, in 1810. After holding the rich living
of Stanhope, Durham from 1820, and the deanery of Chester
from 1828, he was consecrated bishop of Exeter in 1831,
holding with the see a residentiary canonry at Durham. His
published works include numerous speeches and pamphlets,
including those connected with his well-known Roman Catholic
controversy with Charles Butler (1750–1832). He was an
energetic supporter of the Tory party, even when it acted
contrary to his views in passing the Roman Catholic Emancipation
Act of 1829. He died on the 18th of September 1869.
“Henry of Exeter,” as he was commonly called, was one of the
most striking figures in the English Church of the 18th century.
His intellect was strong rather than broad, his position being
that of the traditional High Churchman, with little sympathy
either with the Evangelicals or with the Tractarians. On the
one hand the famous Gorham judgment was the outcome of his
refusal to institute to the living of Brampford Speke a clergyman
George Cornelius Gorham (1787–1857), who had openly disavowed
his belief in baptismal regeneration; on the other he
denounced the equally famous Tract XC. in his episcopal
charge of 1843. As bishop he was a strict disciplinarian, and
