monuments. Besides the works already quoted of Abel and Perrot, see Ritter’s “Kleinasien,” in his Erdkunde von Asien; Leake, Asia Minor (1824); Kiepert appendix to Franz, Fünf Inschr. u. fünf Städte Kleinasiens (1840), Haase, in Ersch and Gruber’s Encyklop. art. “Phrygien”; Hamilton, Travels in Asia Minor (1842); Hirschfeld “Reisebericht,” in the Berl. Monatsber (1879); Texier, Asie mineure (1862); Steuart, Ancient Monuments of Lydia and Phrygia, besides the special chapters in the geographical treatises of Cramer, Vivien St Martin, Forbiger, &c.; numerous articles by recent travellers; J. G. C. Anderson in Journal of Hellenic Studies (1898, &c.); D. G. Hogarth, ibid.; Körte in Mittheil. Inst. Athen. &c., and his book Gordium (1904); Humann and Judeich, Hierapolis (1898); Radet in his work En Phrygie; Ramsay [in addition to articles in Mittheit. Instit. Athen. (1882 sqq.), Bulletin de corresp. hellén. (1883 sqq.), Journal of Hellenic Studies (1882, sqq.), American Journal of Archaeology, Revue des études anciennes], Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, vols. i. ii. (1895 sqq.); Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces (1906); Pauline and other Studies (1906); Historical Commentary on Galatians, &c. (1899); Cities of St Paul (1907); see also T. Eisele, “Die Phrygischen Kulte” in Neue Jahrb. f. das klass. Altertum (Sept. 1909). (W. M. Ra.)
PHRYNE, Greek courtesan, lived in the 4th century B.C. Her real name was Mnesarete, but owing to her complexion she was called Phryne (toad), a name given to other courtesans. She was born at Thespiae in Boeotia, but seems to have lived at Athens. She acquired so much wealth by her extraordinary beauty that she offered to rebuild the walls of Thebes, which had been destroyed by Alexander the Great (336), on condition that the words “Destroyed by Alexander, restored by Phryne the courtesan,” were inscribed upon them. On the occasion of a festival of Poseidon at Eleusis she laid aside her garments, let down her hair, and stepped into the sea in the sight of the people, thus suggesting to the painter Apelles his great picture of Aphrodite Anadyomene, for which Phryne sat as model. She was also (according to some) the model for the statue of the Cnidian Aphrodite by Praxiteles. When accused of profaning the Eleusinian mysteries, she was defended by the orator Hypereides, one of her lovers. When it seemed as if the verdict would be unfavourable, he rent her robe and displayed her lovely bosom, which so moved her judges that they acquitted her. According to others, she herself thus displayed her charms. She is said to have made an attempt on the virtue of the philosopher Xenocrates. A statue of Phryne, the work of Praxiteles, was placed in a temple at Thespiae by the side of a statue of Aphrodite by the same artist.
See Athenaeus, pp. 558, 567, 583, 585, 590, 591; Aelian, Var. Hist. ix. 32; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxxiv. 71.
PHRYNICHUS—1. Son of Polyphradmon and pupil of Thespis, one of the earliest of the Greek tragedians. Some of the ancients, indeed, regarded him as the real founder of tragedy. He gained his first poetical victory in 511 B.C. His famous play, the Capture of Miletus, was probably composed shortly after the conquest of that city by the Persians. The audience was moved to tears, the poet was fined for reminding the Athenians of their misfortunes, and it was decreed that no play on the subject should be produced again. In 476 Phrynichus was successful with the Phoenissae, so called from the Phoenician women who formed the chorus, which celebrated the defeat of Xerxes at Salamis (480). Themistocles acted as choragus, and one of the objects of the play was to remind the Athenians of his great deeds. The Persians of Aeschylus (472) was an imitation of the Phoenissae. Phrynichus is said to have died in Sicily. Some of the titles of his plays, Danaïdes, Actaeon, Alcestis, Tantalus, show that he treated mythological as well as contemporary subjects. He introduced a separate actor as distinct from the leader of the chorus, and thus laid the foundation of dialogue. But in his plays, as in the early tragedies generally, the dramatic element was subordinate to the lyric element as represented by the chorus and the dance. According to Suïdas, Phrynichus first introduced female characters on the stage (played by men in masks), and made special use of the trochaic tetrameter.
Fragments in A. Nauck, Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta (1887).
2. A poet of the Old Attic comedy and a contemporary of Aristophanes. His first comedy was exhibited in 429 B.C. He composed ten plays, of which the Solitary (Μονὀτροπος) was exhibited in 414 along with the Birds of Aristophanes and gained the third prize. The Muses carried off the second prize in 405, Aristophanes being first with the Frogs, in which he accuses Phrynichus of employing vulgar tricks to raise a laugh, of plagiarism and bad versification.
Fragments in T. Kock, Comicorum atticorum fragmenta (1880).
3. Phrynichus Arabius, a grammarian of Bithynia, lived in the 2nd century A.D. According to Suïdas he was the author of (1) an Atticist, or On Attic Words, in two books; (2) Τιθεμένων συναγωγή, a collection of subjects for discussion; (3) Σοφιστικὴ παρασκευή, or Sophistical Equipment, in forty-seven (or seventy-four) books. As models of Attic style Phrynichus assigned the highest place to Plato, Demosthenes and Aeschines the Socratic. The work was learned, but prolix and garrulous. A fragment contained in a Paris MS. was published by B. de Montfaucon, and by I. Bekker in his Anecdota graeca (1814). Another work of Phrynichus, not mentioned by Photius, but perhaps identical with the Atticist mentioned by Suïdas, the Selection (Ἐκλογή) of Attic Words and Phrases, is extant. It is dedicated to Cornelianus, a man of literary tastes, and one of the imperial secretaries, who had invited the author to undertake the work. It is a collection of current words and forms which deviated from the Old Attic standard, the true Attic equivalents being given side by side. The work is thus a lexicon antibarbarum, and is interesting as illustrating the changes through which the Greek language had passed between the 4th century B.C. and the 2nd century A.D.
Editions of the Ἐκλογή, with valuable notes, have been published by C. A. Lobeck (1820) and W. G Rutherford (1881); Lobeck devotes his attention chiefly to the later, Rutherford to the earlier usages noticed by Phrynichus. See also J. Brenous, De Phrynicho Atticista (1895).
4. An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian War. He took a leading part in establishing the oligarchy of the Four Hundred at Athens in 411 B.C., and was assassinated in the same year (Thucydides viii.).
PHTHALAZINES (benzo-orthodiazines or benzopyridazines),
in organic chemistry a group of heterocyclic compounds containing
the ring complex shown in formula I. They are isomeric
with the cinnolines (q.v.). The parent substance of the group,
phthalazine, C8H6N2, is best obtained from the condensation
of ω-tetrabromorthoxylene with hydrazine (D. Gabriel, Ber.,
1893, 26, p. 2210), or by the reduction of chlorphthalazine with
phosphorus and hydriodic acid (Ber., 1897, p. 3024). It possesses
basic properties and forms addition products with alkyl iodides.
On oxidation with alkaline potassium permanganate it yields
pyridazine dicarboxylic acid. Zinc and hydrochloric acid
decompose it with formation of orthoxylylene diamine.
The keto-hydro derivative phthalazone, C8H6ON2, (formula II.), is obtained by condensing hydrazine with orthophthalaldehydo-acid. On treatment with phosphorus oxychlonde it yields a chlorphthalazine which with zinc and hydrochloric acid gives isoindole, C8H7N, and with tin and hydrochloric acid phthalimidine, C8H7ON, the second nitrogen atom being eliminated as ammonia.
|
N |
|
 CO 
|
|NH N |
| N | CH 
| |||
| I. Phthalazine. | II. Phthalazone. | |||
PHTHALIC ACIDS, or Benzene Dicarboxylic Acids, C6H4(CO2H)2. There are three isomers: (1) ortho, or phthalic acid; (2) meta, or isophthalic acid; (3) para, or terephthalic acid.
Phthalic acid was obtained by Laurent in 1836 by oxidizing naphthalene tetrachloride, and, believing it to be a naphthalene derivative, he named it naphthalenic acid, Marignac determined its formula and showed Laurent’s supposition to be incorrect, upon which Laurent gave it its present name. It is manufactured by oxidizing naphthalene tetrachloride (prepared from naphthalene, potassium, chlorate and hydrochloric acid) with nitric acid, or, better, by oxidizing the hydrocarbon with fuming sulphuric acid, using mercury or mercuric sulphate as a catalyst (German pat. 91, 202). It also results on the oxidation of ortho-
