part of the dorsal surface is raised up into three transverse fringed
lamellae. These animals are epizoic, i.e. they live attached to the
outer surface of other organisms, but are not ectoparasitic for they
ingest Infusoria, Rotifera and Diatoms. Most of the species occur
on fresh-water crayfish and crabs in Chile, Madagascar, the Malay
Archipelago and Australasia. Two Brazilian forms are known,
one from the pulmonary chamber of the Mollusc Ampullaria and
the other from water tortoises. The genus Temnocephala is found
in all the countries mentioned. The two others, Craspedella and
Actinodactylella are only known from Australia.
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(From Cambridge Natural History, vol. ii. “Worms,” &c., by permission of Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Fig. 17.—The anatomy of Temnocephala (after Haswell). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The epidermis offers an interesting transitional structure. It is still, as in Turbellaria, cellular, or rather syncytial without cell-boundaries, but in most species has lost its cilia and developed a thick cuticle as in Trematodes, pierced by the necks of subdermal gland-cells. These cells however, still retain the Turbellarian character of secreting rhabdites and form thickly-grouped tracts. The mouth, which is placed near the anterior end, leads into a bulbous pharynx from which a short, broad digestive sac is given off. The excretory system is peculiar. Besides the ordinary flame cells, single large canaliculated cells may form the commencement of the tubules, composed of comparatively few cells with large nuclei. They open to the exterior by a pair of contractile sacs situated dorsally at the level of the mouth as in certain Trematoda. Each sac is the product of a single cell, and is said to contain several branches of “flames” or synchronously contractile cilia. The reproductive system recalls that of certain Rhabdocoels, whilst the nervous system has retained a more primitive condition. The brain, which is placed over the mouth, gives rise to six main longitudinal tracts interconnected by a subdermal network. A pair of eyes is placed above the brain
Class and order Temnocepholoidea.—Platyelmia in which the flattened body is produced into anterior or anterior and lateral tentacular processes and carries a ventral sucker. The epidermis is a syncytium covered by a thick cuticle. Cilia and rhabdites are present. Family I.: Temnocephalidae: 4-12 anterior tentacles. Family II.: Actinodactylellidae. Lateral tentacular processes.
See Haswell, Macleay Memorial Volume (1893); Plate, Sitzberich. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1894), p. 527. (F. W. Ga.)
PLANCEER, or Planchier (O. Fr. plancier, or planchier, planking), in architecture, a term sometimes used in the same sense as a soffit, but more correctly applied to the soffit of the corona in a cornice.
PLANCHE, JEAN BAPTISTE GUSTAVE (1808–1857), French critic, was born in Paris on the 16th of February 1808. Introduced by Alfred de Vigny to François Buloz, he began to write for the Revue des deux mondes, and continued to do so until 1840. He resumed his connection with the journal in 1846 and contributed to it until his death in Paris on the 18th of September 1857. Gustave Planche was an altogether honest critic and refused to accept a place from Napoleon III. for fear of compromising his freedom. He was in early a fervent admirer of George Sand, and he lavished praise on De Vigny. But he had nothing but scorn for Victor Hugo, whose earlier dramas he characterized as odes, those following the drama Le Roi s'amuse as antitheses, and the later ones as nothing but spectacle. His critical papers were collected under the titles: Portraits littéraires (1836-1849); Nouveaux portraits littéraires (1854); and art criticisms, Études sur l'école française (1855).
See Ernest Montégut, in the Revue des deux mondes (June 1858); Hatzfeld and Meunier, Les Critiques littéraires XIXe siècle (1891).
PLANCHÉ, JAMES ROBINSON (1796–1880), English dramatist and antiquary, was born in London on the 27th of February 1796, the son of a watchmaker of Huguenot descent. In 1810 he was articled to a bookseller. In 1818 his first dramatic piece, a burlesque entitled Amoroso, King of Little Britain, was produced at Drury Lane theatre. From this time onwards he made play-writing his principal work. In 1820–1821 he wrote ten pieces for the Adelphi theatre. In 1823 he designed the dresses for Charles Kemble's revival of King John at Covent Garden, and superintended its production. This was the first time that a historical drama had been "dressed" in the costume of the period. In 1828 he began writing regularly for Covent Garden theatre and in 1830 was manager of the Adelphi. On Mme Vestris taking the Olympic theatre in 1831, Planché entered into an agreement with her to write a series of plays. The first of these, Olympic Revels, a burlesque, was given on the opening night of the theatre, the performance being given in correct classical costume. In 1843 his Fair One with the Golden Locks was produced by Webster at the Haymarket. In 1847 Mme Vestris became manageress at the Lyceum theatre, and Planché was engaged as her leading author and designer, his principal success being the Island of Jewels (1849). Subsequently he wrote for a number of other managements, his last dramatic piece being King Christmas (1871), but he also wrote for Babil and Bijou at Covent Garden (1872). In addition to his dramatic work Planché enjoyed a considerable reputation as an antiquary and heraldic student. He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and aided in the foundation of the British Archaeological Association in 1843. In 1834 he published The History of British Costumes. In 1854 he was appointed Rouge Croix pursuivant of arms at the Heralds' College, and in 1866 Somerset herald. In 1869, at the request of the War Office, he arranged the collection of armour at the Tower of London in chronological order. He died at Chelsea on the 30th of May 1880.
Planché's Recollections and Reflections were published in 1872.
PLANCK, GOTTLIEB JAKOB (1751-1833), German Protestant divine and historian, was born at Nurtingen in Württemberg, where his father was a notary, on the 15th of November 1751. Educated for the Protestant ministry at Blaubeuren, Bebenhausen and Tübingen, he became repentent at Tübingen in 1774, preacher at Stuttgart in 1780, and professor of theology at Göttingen in 1784. At Tübingen he wrote Das Tagebuch eines neuen Ehemannes. In 1781 he published anonymously the first volume of his Geschichte des protestantischen Lehrbegriffs; the second, also anonymous, appearing in 1783, and it was completed in six volumes in 1800. It was followed by an extensive Geschichte der christlich-kirchlichen Gesellschaftsverfassung in five volumes (1803-1809). Both are works of considerable importance, and are characterized by abundant learning. He died on the 31st of August 1833. His son Heinrich Ludwig Planck (1785-1831), also professor of theology at Göttingen, published Bemerkungen über den ersten Brief an den Timotheus (1808) and Abriss d. philos. Religionslehre (1821).
