collection and skill in the utilization of statistical facts; and his exposition is orderly and clear.
Besides the publications already mentioned, he was author of the following:-Ansichlen der Volkswirthschaft, 1821; Malthus und Say uber die Ursachen der jetzigen Handelsstockung, 1821; Qrundriss der Kameralwissenschaft oder Wirthschaftslehre, 1823; U ber die Kameralwissenschaft, Entwickelung ihres Wesens und ihrer Theile, 1825; Uber die Landwirthschaft der Rheinpfalz, 1830; and Geschichte des Pfluges, 1845.
Rau founded in 1834 the Archiv der politischen Okonornie und Polizeiwissenschaft, in which he wrote a number of articles, afterwards issued in separate form: amongst them may be named those on the debt of Baden, on the accession of Baden to the Zollverein, on the crisis of the Zollverein in the summer of 1852, on the American banks, on the English poor law, on List's national system of political economy and on the minimum size of a peasant property.
RAUCH, CHRISTIAN DANIEL (1777 - 1857), German
sculptor, was born at Arolsen in the principality of Waldeck on
the 2nd of January 1777. His parents were poor and unable to
place him under efficient masters. His first instructor taught
him little else than the art of sculpturing gravestones, and
Professor Ruhl of Cassel could not give him much more. A
wider field of improvement opened up before him when he
removed to Berlin in 1797; but he was obliged to earn a
livelihood by becoming a royal lackey, and to practise his art in
spare hours. Queen Louisa, surprising him one day in the act of
modelling her features in wax, sent him to study at the Academy
of Art. Not long afterwards, in 1804, Count Sandrecky gave
him the means to complete his education at Rome, where
William von Humboldt, Canova and Thorwaldsen befriended
him. Among other works, he executed bas-reliefs of “ Hippolytus
and Phaedra, " “ Mars and Venus wounded by Diomede, ”
and a “Child praying.” In 1811 Rauch was commissioned
to execute a monument for Queen Louisa of Prussia. The
statue, representing the queen in a sleeping posture, was
placed in a mausoleum in the grounds of Charlottenburg, and
procured great fame for the artist. The erection -of nearly all
public statues came to be entrusted to him. There were, among
others, Bulow and Scharnhorst at Berlin, Blticher at Breslau,
Maximilian at Munich, F rancke at Halle, Dürer at Nuremberg,
Luther at Wittenberg, and the grand-duke Paul Frederick at
Schwerin. At length, in 1830, he began, along with Schinkel
the architect, the models for a colossal equestrian monument at
Berlin to Frederick the Great. This work was inaugurated with
great pomp in May 1851, and is regarded as one of the masterpieces
of modern sculpture. Princes decorated Rauch with
honours and the academies of Europe enrolled him among their
members. A statue of Kant for Konigsberg and a statue of
Thaer for Berlin occupied his attention during some of his last
years; and he had just finished a model of “Moses praying
between Aaron and Hur” when he was attacked by his last
illness. He died on the 3rd of December 1857.
RAUCOURT, MLLE (1756-1815), French actress, whose
real name was Francoise Marie Antoinette Saucerotte, was
born in Nancy on the 3rd of March 1756, the daughter of an
actor, who took her to Spain, where she played in tragedy at the
age of twelve. By 1770 she was back in France at Rouen, and
her success as Euphémie in Belloy's Gaston et Bayard caused
her to be called to the Comédie Française, where in 1772 she
made her debut as Dido. She played all the classical tragedy
parts to crowded houses, until the scandals of her private life
and her extravagance ended her popularity. In 1776 she
suddenly disappeared. Part of the ensuing three years she was
in prison for debt, but some of the time she spent in the capitals
of northern Europe, followed everywhere by scandal. Under
protection of the queen she reappeared at the Théatre Français
in 1779, and renewed her success in Phédre, as Cleopatra, and
all her former roles. At the outbreak of the Revolution she
was imprisoned for six months with other royalist members of
the Comédie Française, and she did not reappear upon that
stage until the close of 1793, and then only for a short time.
She deserted, with a dozen of the best actors in the company,
to found a rival colony, but a summons from the Directory
brought her back in 1797. Napoleon gave her a pension, and
in 1806 she was commissioned to organize and direct a company
that was to tour Italy, where, especially in Milan, she was
enthusiastically received. She returned to Paris a few months
funeral
having
church
by the
She is
before her death on the 15th of January 1815. Her was the occasion of a riot. The clergy of her parish refused to receive the body, the crowd broke in the doors, and were only restrained from further violence arrival of an almoner sent post-haste by Louis XVIII. buried at Pere Lachaise.
RAUDNITZ (Czech Roudnice nad Labem), a town of Bohemia, Austria, 44 m. N. of Prague by rail. Pop. (1900) 7986, mostly Czech. It is situated on the Elbe, and its chief attraction
lies in the interesting and valuable collections in its chateau, which has belonged to the princely family of Lobkowitz since the beginning of the 17th century. These include a library
with a large number of the earliest specimens of printing and valuable MSS., together with a series of pictures from the time of Charles V. to the Thirty Years' War. In 1350 Cola di Rienzi, “the last of the tribunes,” was confined by the emperor Charles IV. in the castle, which occupied the site of the present chateau, previous to his despatch under arrest to the pope at Avignon. In 1184 Raudnitz is mentioned as belonging to the see of Prague. The title of duke of Raudnitz was conferred on the head of the family of Lobkowitz by the emperor Joseph II. in 1786.
RAUMER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG GEORG VON (1781-1873),
German historian, was born at Worlitz in Anhalt on the 14th of May 178Il His father (d. 1822), as Kammerdirektor in Anhalt,
did excellent service to agriculture. After studying at the
Ioachimsthal Gymnasium, Berlin, and at the universities of
Halle and Gottingen, Raumer began to practise law, and rose
in the civil service under Hardenberg, the chancellor. He was
made a professor at the university of Breslau in 1811, and
in 1819 he became professor of political science and history
at Berlin, holding the chair until 1847, and giving occasional
lectures until 1853. In 181 5 he had carried on historical investigations
in Venice, and in the two following years he had
travelled in Germany, Switzerland and Italy. In 1848 he was
elected a member of the German parliament at Frankfort,
where he associated himself with the right centre, supporting
the proposal for a German empire under the supremacy of
Prussia; and he was one of the deputation which oiiered the
imperial crown to Frederick William IV. After the breakdown
of the German parliament, Raumer returned to Berlin,
where he was made a member of the first chamber of the Prussian
parliament. He died at Berlin on the I4th of June 1873.
Raumer's style is direct, lucid and vigorous, and in his day
he was a popular historian, but judged by strictly scientific
standards he does not rank among the first men of his time.
His first work, published anonymously in 1806, was entitled
Sechs Dialoge uber Krieg und Handel. This was followed by Das
britische Besteuerungssystem (1810), Handbuch merkwurdiger Stellen
aus den lateinischen Gesehichtschreibern des Miltelalters (1813),
Herbstreise nach Venedig (1816) and other books. His most famous
works are Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit (1823-25;
5th ed., 1876) and Geschichte Europa.: sei! dem Ende des 1 -'jten Jahrhunderts
(1832-50). In 1831 appeared Briefe aus Paris und Frankreich im Ia/ire 1830 and Briefe aus Paris zur Erlauterung der Geschiehte des 16!en und 17len Jahrhunderts. He went to England in 1835, to Italy in 1839 and to America in 1843, and these visits led to the publication of various works-England in 1835 (1836), Beitrage zur neuern Geschichte aus dem Britischen Museum und Reichsarchive (1836-39), Italien, Beitrdge zur Kenntniss dieses Lander (1840), Die I/ereinigten Staaten von Nardamerika (1845). Among his later books may be mentioned Antiquarische Briefe (1321), Historisch-politische Briefe uber die geselligen Verhdltnisse der enschen (1860), Lebenserinnerungen und Briefwechsel (1861) and Handbuch zur Geschichte der Literatur (1864-66). In 1830 Raumer began the Historisches Taschenbuch published by Brockhaus, which from 1871 was continued by Riehl.
RAUPACH, ERNST BENJAMIN SALOMO (1784-1852),
German dramatist, was born on the 21st of May 1784 at
Straupitz, near Liegnitz in Silesia, a son of the village pastor. He attended the gymnasium at Liegnitz, and studied theology at the university of Halle. In 1804 he obtained a tutorship
