to the glucoses see SUGAR. Mucic acid (q.v;) is isomeric with these acids. V
SACCHARIN, the name given to several distinct chemical substances. The saccharin of commerce, so named from its excessively
sweet taste, is a coal-tar product, being the imide of orthosulphobenzoic
acid, CJ-L<g82>NH. It may be prepared by
the oxidation of ortho-toluenesulphonamide CH3fC¢H4-SO2NH¢,
with potassium permanganate (C. Fahlberg and I. Remsen, Bef.,
1879, 12, p. 469); by the electrolytic oxidation of the above
sulphonamide (German patent 3 5211); by the action of concentrated
sulphuric acid on ortho-sulphamidobenzoic acid,
NH;-SO, -C¢H¢-CO2H (German patent 113720); by warming the
chloride of ortho-sulphobenzoic acid phenyl ester (SO2Cl-C¢, H4-CO,
C¢H5) with excess of aqueous ammonia (R. List and M.
Stein, Bef., 1898, 31, p. 1662); and from benzaldehyde orthosulphonic
acid by conversion into its acid chloride, which with
ammonia yields the corresponding acid-amide, which gives
saccharin on oxidation with atmospheric oxygen (German patent
94948). It is a crystalline powder which melts at 220° C. with
partial decomposition. It is soluble with difficulty in cold Water,
but is moderately soluble in hot water and readily soluble in
alcohol. By the action of concentrated hydrochloric acid at
1 50° C. it is decomposed into ammonia and ortho-sulphobenzoic
acid. With phosphorus pentachloride above 200° C. it yields orthochlornitrobenzene.
Sodium saccharin, C¢H4(CO)-(SO2)-N~Na,
2H-, O, is used under the name of “ soluble saccharin ” or
“crystalIose, ” and is readily soluble in hot water. The ammonium
salt is named “ sucramine.” Saccharin is» largely used for
sweetening purposes, pure saccharin being 500 times sweeter
than sugar. Until 1891 the commercial product contained
about 40 % of the tasteless para compound and was only 300
times as sweet as sugar; the mixture, however, is now separated
by dissolving out the saccharin with xylene, in which solvent
the para compound is insoluble. Saccharin is used as a sugar substitute
for diabetic patients. It is interesting to note that
o-sulphobenzoic acid has an acid taste, and the sulphamide is
tasteless; the sweetness of saccharin therefore appears to be connected
with the formation of a cyclic an hydride. In the United
Kingdom there is an import duty of rs. 3d. per oz. on saccharin
and similar products, and manufacturers have to take out a licence.
In the United States the import duty is $1- 50+ IO% ad valorem
per lb. Austria-Hungary, France, Belgium and Germany prohibit
the importation. On the estimation of saccharin in commercial
samples and for its detection in foods and beverages see
J. H. Kastle, Jour. Chem. Soc., 1905, 87, p. 503; E. M'K.
Chace, Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1904, 39, p. 1627.
The lactones of the saccharin acids are also known as “ saccharin's."
By boiling dextrin or laevulose with milk of lime the so-called “ sacCH¢OH~CH-CHOH~C(OH)-CH;
o- co
is obtained (E. Péligot, Bef., 1880, 13, p. 196; H. Kiliani, Bef., 1882,
15, p. 2954). It crystallizes in large prisms, has a bitter taste, and
is easily soluble in hot water. Potassium perrnanganate oxidizes it
to carbonic and acetic acids. Heatin with caustic potash to 200 °C.
gives formic and lactic acids, and when reduced by hydriodic acid
and phos horus it is converted into any-dimethylbutyrolactone.
" Iso-saccharin " and “ meta-saccharin " are, formed by the action
of lime on milk sugar (H. Kiliani, Bef., 1885, 18, p. 631). The
former melts at 95 C., and on reduction by hydriodic acid and
phosphorus is converted into ary-dimethylvalerolactone. Metasaccharin
melts at 141-142° C. and is easily soluble in water.
SACCHETTI, FRANCO (c. 133 5-c. 1400), Italian poet and
novelist, was the son of Benci di Uguccione, surnamed “ Buono, ”
of the noble and ancient Florentine family of the Sacchetti
(comp. Dante, Par. c. xvi.), and was born at Florence about the
year 1335. While still a young man he achieved repute as a
poet, and he appears to have travelled on affairs of more or less
importance as far as to Genoa, Milan and “ Ischiavonia.”
When a sentence of 'banishment was passed upon the rest of the
house of Sacchetti by the Florentine authorities in 1380 it
appears that Francowas expressly exempted, “ per esser tanto
charin, ” a lactone of the formula,
uomo buono, ”and in 1383 he was one of the“eight, ” discharging
the office of ' prior ” for the months of March and April. I In 1 385
he was chosen ambassador to Genoa, but preferred to go as
podesta to Bibbiena in Casentino. In 1392 he was podesta of
San Miniato, and in 1396 he held a similar office at F aenza. In
1398 he received from his fellow-citizens the post of captain of
their then province of Romagna, having his residence at Portico.
The date of his death is unknown; most probably it occurred
about 1400, though some writers place it as late as 1410.
Sacchetti left a considerable number of sonnstti, canzzmi, ballate, madfigali, &c., which have never been' printed, but which are still extant in at least one MS. in the Laurentian library of Florence. His Novelle were first printed in I']2?, from the MS. in the same collection, which, however, is far rom complete. They were originally 300 in number, but only 21558 in whole or in part now survive. They are written in pure an elegant Tuscan, and, based as they are for the most part on real incidents in the public and domestic life of Florence, they are valuable for the light they throw on the manners of that age, and occasionally also for the biographical facts preserved in them.
SACCHI, ANDREA (c. 1600-1661), Italian painter of the later
Roman school, was born at Nettuno near Rome in 1600, or
perhaps as early as 1598. His father, Benedetto, a painter of
undistinguished position, gave him his earliest instruction in
the art; Andrea then passed into the studio of Albani, of whom
he was the last and the most eminent pupil, and under Albani
he made his reputation early. The painter of Sacchi's predilection
was Raphael; he was the jealous opponent of Pietro
da Cortona, and more especially of Bernini. In process of time
he became one of the most learned designers and one of the
soundest colourists of the Roman school. He went to Venice
and to Parma to study Venetian colour and the style of Correggio;
but he found the last-named master unadaptable for his own
proper methods in art, and he returned to Rome. Sacchi was
strong in artistic theory, and in practice slow and fastidious;
it was his axiom that the merit of a painter consists in producing,
not many middling pictures, but a few and perfect ones. His
works have dignity, repose, elevated yet natural forms, severe
but not the less pleasing colour, a learned treatment of architecture and perspective; he is thus a painter of the correct and laudable academic order, admired by connoisseurs rather than by ambitious students or the large public. His principal painting,
often spoken of as the fourth best; easel-picture 'in Rome-in
the Vatican Gallery-is “St Romuald relating his Vision to Five
Monks of his Order.” The pictorial crux of dealing with these
figures, who are all in the white garb of their order, has often
been remarked upon; and as often the ingenuity and judgment
of Sacchi have been praised in varying the tints of these habits
according to the light and shade cast by a neighbouring tree.
The Vatican Gallery contains also an early painting of the master
-the “ Miracle of St Gregory, ” executed in 1624; a mosaic
of it was made in 1771 and placed in St Peter's. Other leading
examples are the “ Death of St Anna, ” in S Carlo ai Catinari;
“ St Andrew, ” in the Quirinal; “ St Joseph, ” at Capo alle Case;
also, in fresco, a ceiling in the Palazzo Barberini-“ Divine
Wisdom ”-reckoned superior in expression and selection to
the rival work of Pietro da Cortona. There are likewise altarpieces
in Perugia, Foligno and Camerino. Sacchi, who worked
almost always in Rome, left few pictures visible in private
galleries: one, of “ St Bruno, ” is in Grosvenor House. He had a
flourishing school: Nicholas Poussin and Carlo Maratta were his
most eminent scholars; Luigi Garzi and Francesco Lauri were
others, and Sacchi's own son Giuseppe, who died young, after
giving very high hopes. This must have been an illegitimate
son, for Andrea was unmarried when he died at Nettuno in 1661.
SACCHINI, ANTONIO MARIA GASPARE (1734-1786), Italian musical composer, was born at Pozzuoli, on the 23rd of July 1734. He was the son of a poor fisherman and was heard singing on the sands by Durante, who undertook his education at the Conservatorio di- Sant' Onofrio at Naples. Durante and Piccinni taught him composition, and Nicola Fiorenza the violin. The intermezzo Fra Donato was written for the theatre of the Conservatorio in 1756, but his first serious opera was produced at Rome in 1762, and was followed by many others, nearly all of which were successful. In 1769 he went to Venice, and in consequence of the great success achieved there by the
